Deck 3: PART B: Correctional History

Question 1

In the 1940s, Folsom Prison in California separated inmates by ______.

A) race
B) class
C) age
D) education

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiencies are called ______.

A) prisons
B) jails
C) correctional institutions
D) reformatories

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The Walnut Street Jail was built in ______.

A) Pittsburgh
B) Boston
C) New York
D) Philadelphia

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the Walnut Street prison?

A) required attendance at religious services
B) children housed with adults
C) based on reforms of John Howard
D) debtors separated from felons

Question 5

The ______ Pennsylvania Prison came to epitomize that state's system.

A) Western
B) Eastern
C) Southern
D) Northern

Question 6

What religious group had a profound influence on early Pennsylvania prisons?

A) Catholics
B) Baptists
C) Quakers
D) Calvinists

Question 7

The ______ in England was modeled after Pennsylvania prisons.

A) Enfield Prison
B) Manchester Prison
C) Pentonville Prison
D) Sheffield Prison

Question 8

Captain Elam Lynds, a noted warden of early New York facilities, claimed ______ was the backbone of prison administration.

A) physical punishment
B) hard labor
C) prayer
D) silence

Question 9

______ was one of the early institutions built in America that followed the Quaker principles and ideas.

A) Newgate Prison
B) Pentonville Prison
C) Folsom Prison
D) Sing Sing Prison

Question 10

The separate system is part of which model?

A) Pennsylvania prison model
B) New York prison model
C) Walnut Street Jail
D) Western Pennsylvania Prison

Question 11

The congregate system is part of which model?

A) Pennsylvania system
B) New York system
C) Walnut Street Jail
D) Western Pennsylvania Prison

Question 12

Which early prison was built to hold inmates in complete solitary confinement, with no labor, for the full span of their sentence?

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Western Pennsylvania Prison
C) Auburn Prison
D) Sing Sing Prison

Question 13

To which early facility were inmates being sent "up the river"?

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Eastern Pennsylvania Prison
C) Auburn Prison
D) Sing Sing Prison

Question 14

In Beaumont and Tocqueville's outline, which prison did they consider to be even worse than Walnut Street Jail?

A) Auburn
B) Sing Sing
C) Pittsburgh
D) Cherry Hill

Question 15

Which institution was also known as Cherry Hill?

A) Auburn
B) Sing Sing
C) Western Pennsylvania
D) Eastern Pennsylvania

Question 16

Walnut Street Jail was a part of which prison system?

A) Pennsylvania
B) Texas
C) New York
D) Georgia

Question 17

Auburn Prison was a part of which prison system?

A) Georgia
B) New York
C) Pennsylvania
D) Texas

Question 18

Western and Eastern Prisons were a part of which prison system?

A) Texas
B) New York
C) Pennsylvania
D) Georgia

Question 19

Sing Sing Prison was a part of which prison system?

A) Pennsylvania
B) Georgia
C) Texas
D) New York

Question 20

Which New York prison was most ambitious in reform efforts?

A) Elmira
B) Auburn
C) Sing Sing
D) Walnut Street

Question 21

Which prison was constructed in 1773 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania?

A) Elmira
B) Walnut Street
C) Sing Sing
D) Auburn

Question 22

Which philosophy was embedded within the Walnut Street Jail?

A) deterrence
B) rehabilitation
C) penitence
D) incapacitation

Question 23

Which of the following was a focus of the Newgate Prison in New York?

A) rehabilitation
B) deterrence
C) penitence
D) incapacitation

Question 24

The Western Pennsylvania Prison was devised to operate in which fashion?

A) solitary and separate
B) labor intensive
C) religious redemption
D) rehabilitation

Question 25

______ was the first to incorporate hot water and flush toilets in the individual cells.

A) Western Pennsylvania Prison
B) Eastern Pennsylvania Prison
C) Auburn Prison
D) Sing Sing Prison

Question 26

Pentonville Prison was modeled after which prison system?

A) Auburn
B) New York
C) Pennsylvania
D) Walnut Street

Question 27

Why was the practice of solitary confinement in prison cells abandoned in the New York model?

A) It created camaraderie among prisoners.
B) It increased the costs of running the facilities.
C) It hampered the efficient production of goods.
D) It increased the prison guards' workload.

Question 28

The New York model for imprisonment was preferred over which prison system?

A) Georgia
B) Texas
C) Pennsylvania
D) Virginia

Question 29

Who was the first warden of Auburn Prison?

A) Elam Lynds
B) Dorothea Dix
C) Thomas Eddy
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 30

Beaumont and Tocqueville felt that solitary confinement ______.

A) encouraged religious growth
B) prevented violence
C) drove inmates insane
D) reduced the cost of incarceration

Question 31

Dorothea Dix described many jails, particularly those that did not separate inmates, as ______.

A) a free school of vice
B) an accident waiting to happen
C) a crime against humanity
D) a waste of taxpayer money

Question 32

The influential book Remarks on Prisons and Prison Discipline in the United States was written by ______.

A) Elam Lynds
B) Dorothea Dix
C) John Howard
D) Thomas Eddy

Question 33

Dorothea Dix preferred the ______ model over the ______ model of prisons.

A) Northern; Southern
B) Southern; Northern
C) New York; Pennsylvania
D) Pennsylvania; New York

Question 34

Why did Beaumont and Tocqueville support the practice of maintaining the solitude of inmates at night and silence during the day?

A) Silence led to reflection and redemption.
B) Solitude and silence increased interaction among inmates.
C) Solitude and silence enhanced the working environment for prison staff.
D) Prisoners' families supported the practice.

Question 35

Who was Dorothea Dix?

A) an early advocate of capital punishment
B) the first woman to become warden of Sing Sing Prison
C) a teacher and penal and insane asylum reformer
D) the first woman to become warden of Walnut Street Jail

Question 36

The ______ system was a graduated reward system in which a prisoner could earn points for good behavior, in turn entitling the prisoner to privileges.

A) gold star
B) marks
C) Pennsylvania
D) New York

Question 37

Which of the following did Dorothea Dix believe to be true of most prison systems?

A) They were understaffed.
B) Although they were overcrowded, there was still good leadership.
C) They were not overcrowded.
D) They needed to use harsher punishment.

Question 38

The ______ Reformatory was founded in New York in 1876 and used the marks system.

A) Sing Sing
B) Elmira
C) Attica
D) Erie

Question 39

Which of the following is the purpose of the marks system?

A) discipline
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) entertainment

Question 40

The marks system is ______.

A) a graduated reward system providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior
B) the use of inmates' labor by farmers or other contractors
C) a type of discipline instituted in the New York prison model
D) a set of informal rules that inmates live by vis-à-vis the institution and staff

Question 41

In what year did the American Prison Congress convene?

A) 1860
B) 1870
C) 1880
D) 1890

Question 42

In which century did probation and parole develop?

A) 19th
B) 18th
C) 20th
D) 21st

Question 43

The contract and lease system involved ______.

A) a graduated reward system for prisons that provided privileges for good behavior
B) the use of inmates' labor by farmers or other contractors
C) a type of discipline instituted in the New York Prison model
D) Informal rules that inmates lived by vis-à-vis the institution and staff

Question 44

Prior to the Civil War, there was little use of prisons because ______.

A) labor was prized and needed in the fields
B) accused criminals were normally summarily executed
C) undesirables were exiled back to England
D) court systems had not yet been widely adopted

Question 45

In which part of the country were prisons seldom used before the Civil War?

A) North
B) South
C) East
D) West

Question 46

By the 1930s, industrial prisons had failed primarily due to opposition from ______.

A) religious groups
B) social reformers
C) labor unions
D) civil libertarians

Question 47

The convict code is ______.

A) a graduated reward system that provides prisoners with privileges for good behavior
B) the use of inmates' labor by farmers or other contractors
C) a type of discipline instituted in the New York prison model
D) a set of informal rules that inmates live by vis-à-vis the institution and staff

Question 48

Which of the following is a justification for warehouse prisons?

A) incapacitation
B) rehabilitation
C) penitence
D) poverty

Question 49

The medical model is associated with ______.

A) incapacitation
B) deterrence
C) parole
D) rehabilitation

Question 50

Which of the following has been the overriding theme in correctional history?

A) power
B) money
C) religion
D) humanism

Question 51

Inmates did not suffer in the first prison systems.

Question 52

The term correctional institutions was originally applied only to prisons.

Question 53

The Walnut Street Jail was a part of the Pennsylvania prison system.

Question 54

Auburn was a part of the Pennsylvania prison system.

Question 55

The stated purpose of solitary confinement was to achieve reform or rehabilitation.

Question 56

The state of Ohio shocked Beaumont and Tocqueville by the barbarous state of its prisons compared to its humanitarian penal code.

Question 57

Eastern Pennsylvania Prison was the largest building in America in the 1820s.

Question 58

Walnut Street Jail was originally used to house violent offenders.

Question 59

Dr. Benjamin Rush led the reform efforts of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.

Question 60

Contamination and indolence were the two major faults of Walnut Street Jail.

Question 61

Newgate Prison in New York used corporal punishment.

Question 62

The Pennsylvania prison model was known as the separate system.

Question 63

Prisoners from Walnut Street Jail built Sing Sing Prison in 1825.

Question 64

Benjamin Rush was the first warden of the Elmira Reformatory.

Question 65

Solitary confinement remained in existence at the Eastern Penitentiary until after the Civil War and was not formally ended until 1913.

Question 66

Some early prisons allowed visitors to pay to be spectators at the prisons.

Question 67

Dorothea Dix explored the idea of recidivism.

Question 68

Dorothea Dix was the first warden of the Elmira Reformatory.

Question 69

Contract and lease systems were devised to use inmates' labor.

Question 70

Stateville Prison in Illinois was built as an octagon.

Question 71

The medical model is a rehabilitation model that assumes criminals are sick and need treatment.

Question 72

There was a boom in prison building across the country between 1950 and 1970.

Question 73

Rehabilitation was the philosophy behind warehouse prisons.

Question 74

Warehouse prisons were involved in the large-scale production of goods for sale in the open market.

Question 75

The prevailing theme of corrections throughout American history has been money.

Question 76

Why were southern prisons little used prior to the Civil War?

Question 77

Why was solitary confinement used? What were the consequences of this practice for inmates?

Question 78

What is the marks system? Discuss its role in early American corrections.

Question 79

Discuss in detail the history and significance of Walnut Street Jail.

Question 80

Discuss the Pennsylvania and New York systems. Which do you believe was better from inception? Why?