Deck 2: Early Corrections From Ancient Times to Correctional Institutions

Question 1

One recurring theme throughout the history of corrections in the United states is the cyclical need for ______.

A) reform
B) solitary confinement
C) corporal punishment
D) incarceration

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A major theme over the course of correctional history has been a growing ______.

A) emphasis on corporal punishment of offenders
B) understanding that rehabilitation is impractical
C) acceptance of religious ethical values
D) sense of compassion in treating offenders

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During the Middle Ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was ______.

A) the Catholic Church
B) the Church of England
C) John Howard
D) Cesare Beccaria

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In ancient Rome, a punishment called capitis diminutio maxima involved ______ and turned criminals into penal slaves.

A) public humiliation
B) visible branding
C) forfeiture of citizenship
D) corporal punishment

Question 5

In the late Middle Ages, galley slavery was used as an alternative to ______.

A) bridewells
B) the death penalty
C) transportation
D) debtors' prisons

Question 6

One benefit for the state associated with the practice of transportation was ______.

A) rehabilitation of offenders
B) exploitation of labor
C) humane treatment of criminals
D) its proportionality to the crime

Question 7

Why did Enlightenment thought so drastically affect correctional thinking?

A) It encouraged Maconochie to develop the marks system.
B) It justified the use of the death penalty for larceny and vagrancy.
C) It shifted the focus from the afterlife to humans on Earth.
D) It provided the basis for transportation as punishment.

Question 8

Which reformer argued that the English government should provide sanitary conditions for inmates in gaols?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 9

John Howard, a former sheriff and prisoner of war in England, was known for arguing that ______.

A) punishments should be proportional
B) Quaker principles should guide corrections
C) the fee system for jails should end
D) prisons should follow the panopticon model

Question 10

Which reformer wrote that "it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary"?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 11

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian philosopher, argued that ______.

A) punishments should be proportional
B) Quaker principles should guide corrections
C) the fee system for jails should end
D) prisons should follow the panopticon model

Question 12

Jeremy Bentham, an English correctional reformer, argued that ______.

A) punishments should be proportional
B) Quaker principles should guide corrections
C) the fee system for jails should end
D) prisons should follow the panopticon model

Question 13

William Penn, a Pennsylvania Colony governor, argued that ______.

A) punishments should be proportional
B) Quaker principles should guide corrections
C) the fee system for jails should end
D) prisons should follow the panopticon model

Question 14

The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States, especially in the Pennsylvania system, is due primarily to ______.

A) Catholicism
B) the Quakers
C) the Enlightenment
D) Presbyterianism

Question 15

During the American Revolution, a Tory is sentenced to imprisonment for loyalty to England. The inmate is held underground in shackles overnight and forced to perform hard, manual labor during the day. The inmate is most likely held in ______.

A) Sing Sing
B) the Walnut Street Jail
C) Newgate Prison
D) Auburn Prison

Question 16

A debtor in the late 1700s is sentenced to incarceration. The offender is surprised to be given his own cell, separated from convicted felons who are housed in the same facility. The offender is most likely housed in ______.

A) Sing Sing
B) Elmira Reformatory
C) Auburn Prison
D) the Walnut Street Jail

Question 17

The new wing of the ______ is considered the first real prison in part because of its rudimentary classification system.

A) Newgate Prison
B) Sing Sing
C) Auburn Prison
D) Walnut Street Jail

Question 18

Proponents of the Pennsylvania prison system considered Eastern Pennsylvania Prison an improvement on Western Pennsylvania Prison because it ______.

A) prevented inmates from working during their sentences
B) ensured the almost total solitude of its inmates
C) eschewed solitary confinement, which was injurious
D) led to the successful reform and penitence of its inmates

Question 19

The separate system was part of the ______ model.

A) Pennsylvania
B) New York
C) Tocqueville
D) Auburn

Question 20

Which argument for correctional practices was a Quaker in the 1800s most likely to make?

A) The goal of punishment should be incarceration, not rehabilitation.
B) Interpersonal interaction among prisoners should be encouraged.
C) Prisoners provide a valuable source of cheap labor.
D) Solitary confinement is necessary to prisoner reform.

Question 21

The main point of contention between the Pennsylvania system and the New York system was the question of ______.

A) religious growth
B) capital punishment
C) total separation
D) incarceration itself

Question 22

An offender in the mid 1800s is sentenced to hard labor at a place "up the river." Although she is told not to interact with any of her fellow inmates, she finds she can communicate through the wall of her stone cell with the person next to her. This inmate is most likely housed in ______.

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Eastern Pennsylvania Prison
C) Newgate Prison
D) Sing Sing

Question 23

In time, prison builders came to prefer the ______ model for imprisonment.

A) Quaker
B) Walnut Street
C) New York
D) Pennsylvania

Question 24

By the mid-1800s, all prisons in America had come to be regarded as ______.

A) primarily workhouses
B) humanitarian endeavors
C) successful reformatories
D) violent and degrading

Question 25

Of the two American prison models, Dorothea Dix preferred the ______ model.

A) Northern
B) Southern
C) New York
D) Pennsylvania

Question 26

A newspaper from the mid-1800s is running a piece on the conditions in American prisons. Which topic would you most expect to find within the piece?

A) penitence through silence
B) issues with overcrowding
C) the value of hard labor
D) prohibitions on torture

Question 27

The 1870 American Prison Congress in Cincinnati, Ohio, resulted in the ______.

A) adaptation of the congregate system of imprisonment
B) promulgation of the Declaration of Principles
C) renewed focus on solitary confinement
D) acknowledgment that prison reform was futile

Question 28

The contract and lease system involved ______.

A) providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior
B) using inmates' labor for contracted work
C) branding criminals according to their offenses
D) setting informal rules for inmates to live by

Question 29

Correctional researcher Irwin identified something called the convict code, which involved ______.

A) providing privileges to prisoners for good behavior
B) using inmates' labor for contracted work
C) branding criminals according to their offenses
D) setting informal rules for inmates to live by

Question 30

In addition to money, another overriding theme throughout correctional history has been ______.

A) the definition of crime
B) treatment of inmates
C) pursuit of the panopticon
D) the triviality of punishment

Question 31

Money is a constant theme in corrections.

Question 32

Correctional institutions serve as a social control mechanism.

Question 33

Religious influence is apparent throughout corrections history.

Question 34

Galley slavery was used to provide cheap labor to farmers in English colonies.

Question 35

William Penn's Great Law deemphasized the use of corporal punishment and capital punishment.

Question 36

Early solitary confinement drove inmates insane.

Question 37

Beaumont and Tocqueville described early prisons in Ohio as "barbarous."

Question 38

What were bridewells? Why were they used in early English corrections?

Question 39

Compare early gaols in England to their counterparts today.

Question 40

Why was solitary confinement used?

Question 41

What was Walnut Street Jail? Evaluate its significance in the history of American corrections.

Question 42

Who was Dorothea Dix? Why was she important to the history of corrections?

Question 43

What was the Elmira Reformatory? Briefly analyze its role in the history of correctional reform.

Question 44

Identify and explain the differences between the contract system and the lease system.

Question 45

Describe the history and significance of Stateville Prison.

Question 46

Assess the influence of the Enlightenment on correctional thinking.

Question 47

Choose one overarching theme of American correctional history and trace its path from early American prisons to today.