Deck 12: White-Collar and Organized Crime

Question 1

According to Sutherland, which of the following is not an example of white-collar crime?

A) an executive murdering a whistleblower
B) a chief financial officer embezzling company money
C) a bank officer accepting a bribe to approve a loan
D) a small business owner falsifying invoices to create the appearance of higher profits

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Sutherland, which of the following is an example of white-collar crime?

A) a loan officer having an affair with her much younger secretary
B) a store manager borrowing money from a company safe
C) an advertising executive drinking alcohol during work hours
D) a stockbroker refusing to work on the stock market floor

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following accurately describes who can commit a white-collar crime according to Sutherland?

A) Anyone with a job can commit a white-collar crime.
B) Only government officials can commit a white-collar crime.
C) White-collar crime can only be committed by someone of respectability.
D) White-collar crime cannot be committed by someone of higher social status.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The term "white-collar crime" considered controversial when Sutherland first introduced it because ______.

A) crime was largely seen as a phenomenon of the lower classes
B) the Federal Bureau of Investigations did not approve of the term
C) sociologists were not authorities on criminal behavior
D) Sutherland was accused of plagiarizing the term

Question 5

Which two terms are important components of Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime?

A) intent to conceal; government
B) men; authority
C) defrauded lower class; corporate
D) high social status; respectability

Question 6

What is a key difference between the way Sutherland defined white-collar crime and the way former U.S. Department of Justice Herbert Edelhertz defined white-collar crime?

A) Edelhertz called white-collar crime "elite crime."
B) Sutherland's definition does not specify high social status.
C) Edelhertz's definition does not specify high social status.
D) Sutherland did not recognize crime committed by government employees as white-collar crime.

Question 7

According to Edelhertz's typology, a lawyer embezzling money from a client exemplifies ______.

A) personal crime
B) abuse of trust
C) business crime
D) con games

Question 8

According to Edelhertz's typology, a company selling flavored brown water as apple juice exemplifies ______.

A) personal crime
B) abuse of trust
C) business crime
D) con games

Question 9

What is the primary difference between corporate crime and occupational crime?

A) the punishment is greater for occupational crime
B) the beneficiary of the crime
C) the kind of person victimized
D) the target of the crime

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the motivations for government crime identified by Alex Thio?

A) cover-up misdeeds
B) monetary gain
C) the acquisition of power
D) condescending attitudes of government officials

Question 11

Individuals in a car company falsify emissions tests to increase the company's value. What kind of white-collar crime is this?

A) organized crime
B) elite crime
C) occupational crime
D) corporate crime

Question 12

Who is the typical offender in white-collar crime?

A) men with advanced degrees
B) college-educated White men
C) middle-aged men with MBAs
D) Americans with degrees in STEM fields

Question 13

In occupational crimes, the criminal activity of ______ causes more financial loss than the criminal activity of ______.

A) irregular migrants; citizens
B) governments; corporations
C) managers; employees
D) women; men

Question 14

The three main forms of fraud and abuse are asset misappropriation, corruption, and ______.

A) fraudulent statements
B) embezzlement
C) blackmail
D) insider trading

Question 15

According to James William Coleman, why is it difficult to measure white-collar crime?

A) Victims do not realize they have been victimized.
B) White-collar criminals have enough money to bribe authorities.
C) Most white-collar crime is committed by government officials.
D) White-collar crime often does not violate any existing law.

Question 16

______ refers to a serious offence committed by a group of three of more people with the aim of making money.

A) Conspiracy
B) Fraud
C) White-collar crime
D) Organized crime

Question 17

Which of the following accounts for a significant amount of organized criminal activity?

A) fraud
B) illicit drug trafficking
C) globalization
D) social media

Question 18

Organized criminal groups and ______ collaborate on the marketing and transportation of munitions.

A) theocratic governments
B) the United Nations
C) terrorist organizations
D) Russia

Question 19

Which of the following summarizes what all organized crime groups have in common?

A) They are all dominated by men.
B) They are all adaptable.
C) They all involve multiple generations of one or two families.
D) They all have a code of conduct against killing civilians.

Question 20

What has reduced participation in the yakuza throughout Japan?

A) laws that prohibit membership
B) war between rival yakuza groups
C) the yakuza has migrated to the United States
D) the legalization of prostitution

Question 21

What is the focus of micro-level theories that account for white-collar crime?

A) how the government can reduce white-collar crime rates
B) variations in the rate of white-collar crime
C) why people engage in white-collar crime
D) how social forces influence white-collar crime

Question 22

How would Jack Katz explain white-collar crime?

A) White-collar crime is motivated by financial gain.
B) Cultural differences cause white-collar crime.
C) Offenders rationalize white-collar crime as victimless.
D) White-collar crime offers an illicit thrill.

Question 23

Jerome borrows money from the employee retirement fund. He decides he is only borrowing a little bit, so no one will actually be hurt by his actions. What is Jerome engaged in?

A) appeal to higher loyalties
B) denial of responsibility
C) condemnation of the condemners
D) denial of injury

Question 24

If Dr. Morooka decides that white-collar crime occurs when the offenders believe the money that they can earn outweighs the risk of being caught and arrested, he is using ______ to understand white-collar crime.

A) techniques of neutralization
B) rational choice theory
C) differential association
D) culture conflict theory

Question 25

Criminal subcultures are a key component of the ______ approach to white-collar crime.

A) power control
B) techniques of neutralization
C) opportunity structures
D) seductions of crime

Question 26

Edwin Sutherland borrowed the term "white-collar crime" from retired United States Justice Department prosecutor Herbert Edelhertz.

Question 27

White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people during the course of their occupation.

Question 28

Murder is not a white-collar crime.

Question 29

When committing occupational crime, offenders act primarily in their own interest and do not benefit their employers.

Question 30

Crimes that benefit businesses instead of individuals are called elite crimes.

Question 31

Embezzlement is a form of white-collar crime.

Question 32

Corporate, government, and other types of white-collar crimes are the easiest crimes to detect.

Question 33

On average, businesses lose very little money due to white-collar crimes.

Question 34

In occupational crime, the criminal activity of employees costs more money than the criminal activity of managers.

Question 35

Organized crime is primarily a phenomenon of postindustrial nations.

Question 36

Organized crime groups use violence to defend their interests against competing groups.

Question 37

Organized crime does not usually involve violence.

Question 38

The opportunity structures approach to understanding organized crime is a macro-level approach.

Question 39

The culture conflict theory can be used to explain white-collar crime but not organized crime.

Question 40

Differential association theory might suggest that participants in organized crime learned their behavior with peers already within an organized crime network.

Question 41

Summarize the three motives for government crime described by Alex Thio.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the two broad dimensions of white-collar crime: the offender-based perspective and the opportunity perspective.

Question 43

Identify the criminal enterprises of organized crime groups frequently associated with the following ethnic groups: Italian and Russian.

Question 44

Summarize the differential association theory approach to understanding white-collar crime.

Question 45

What are the primary characteristics of elite deviance, according to David Simon?

Question 46

Describe Edelhertz's typology of white-collar crime.

Question 47

Provide examples for each of Green's occupational crime categories.

Question 48

Outline the steps in a Ponzi scheme.

Question 49

Outline how organized crime families conduct their operations.