Deck 2: Theories of Deviant Behavior: I Classical Theories

Question 1

During the Age of Enlightenment, ______ replaced superstitious explanations for the causes of human behavior.

A) social events
B) positivism
C) sociology
D) metaphysics

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What does positivism refer to?

A) the scientific approach to the study of physical and social event
B) the sociological perspective that everything should be interpreted optimistically
C) the religious position that all events happen according to a divine plan
D) the belief that everything can be studied as various parts of a whole

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Evidence-based behavior analysis is rooted in the ______.

A) sociology of knowledge
B) positivism
C) knowledge-based behavior analysis
D) scientific method

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What term refers to an interrelated and interdependent proposition designed to predict a given phenomenon?

A) scientific theory
B) hypothesis
C) middle range theory
D) master conceptual scheme

Question 5

Weight, sex, age, and height are all ______ because they are subject to change.

A) theories
B) propositions
C) variables
D) parsimonious

Question 6

When evaluating a theory, ______ refers to whether a theory has clearly stated propositions that agree with each other.

A) the scientific method
B) parsimony
C) logical consistency
D) scope

Question 7

Simon wants to create theory that explains all forms of crime and deviance. His theory is so complicated it fills an entire series of books. This theory lacks ______.

A) positivism
B) parsimony
C) variables
D) scope

Question 8

There are six criteria for assessing a scientific theory: parsimony, ______, logical consistency, testability, empirical validity, and usefulness/policy implications.

A) reliability
B) validity
C) simplicity
D) scope

Question 9

Stephen develops a theory that could explain the fundamental nature of the universe. The only problem is there is no way to empirically measure his variables. Therefore, the theory is not ______.

A) valid
B) parsimonious
C) testable
D) scaled

Question 10

What school of thought were Beccaria and Bentham key figures in developing?

A) classical
B) societal reaction
C) labeling
D) control

Question 11

When deciding whether to shoplift the candy, Izzy bases her decision on the fact that she greatly desires the candy and does not think she is likely to get caught. This illustrates the ______ principal, because she is maximizing her pleasure and assuming there will be no consequences.

A) deterrence
B) hedonistic
C) avoidance
D) obviation

Question 12

In the neoclassical school, the deterrence doctrine involves both ______ and ______.

A) hedonism; a cost-benefit analysis
B) rationality; parsimony
C) labels; punishments
D) stigma; reintegrative shaming

Question 13

What do rational choice theory and situational choice theory have in common?

A) They both emphasize the context in which decisions are made.
B) They both suggest that capital punishment is the most effective deterrent.
C) They both focus on an individual's conscious decision-making.
D) They both involve a belief in the essential goodness of individuals.

Question 14

What is one possible criticism of routine activities theory?

A) It lacks useful policy implications.
B) It lacks logical consistency.
C) It de-emphasizes personal responsibility.
D) It blames the victim.

Question 15

According to ______, crime is most likely when there is a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the lack of a capable guardian.

A) routine activities theory
B) situational choice theory
C) hedonistic calculus theory
D) control theory

Question 16

What provides the foundation for the labeling perspective?

A) the classical school
B) the neoclassical school
C) symbolic interaction
D) social integration

Question 17

Jack arrives at Daisy's house to pick her up. He does not know her father, but he decides her father thinks he is stupid. Jack begins to think of himself as stupid. What does this demonstrate?

A) reintegrative shaming
B) looking-glass self
C) stigma
D) techniques of neutralization

Question 18

Sun's parents raise her firmly, but kindly. They listen to her, and she learns her words have value. They give her hugs, and she learns that they love her. George Herbert Mead would term Sun's ability to view herself from her parent's perspective as ______.

A) social integration
B) neoclassical
C) taking the role of the other
D) hedonistic calculus

Question 19

______ theory suggests that the process of becoming a deviant involves primary deviance and secondary deviance.

A) Labeling
B) Control
C) Routine activities
D) Self-derogation

Question 20

Morgan was caught shoplifting at a local store. Instead of pressing charges, the owner spoke with her parents and arranged for her to work at the store 4 hr a week. Because the store owner communicated his disapproval of Morgan's behavior, but provided her with the opportunity to improve, ______ has occurred.

A) reintegrative shaming
B) disintegrative shaming
C) secondary deviance
D) stigmatization

Question 21

What is primary deviance?

A) deviance that occurs for selfish reasons
B) a hidden norm violation
C) a minor norm violation
D) deviance that serves a social purpose

Question 22

Durkheim's views on how social integration is related to deviant behavior provide the foundation for the development of ______ theory.

A) social control
B) labeling
C) situational choice
D) seduction of crime

Question 23

In Hirschi's control theory, ______ refers to the intensity and variety of interests a person shares with community members.

A) involvement
B) belief
C) commitment
D) attachment

Question 24

The general theory of crime suggests that most crimes are committed ______.

A) after a long planning period
B) to satisfy an immediate need
C) by individuals with above average intelligence
D) accidentally

Question 25

Clarkton is very active in his community. He volunteers with Meals on Wheels, donates blood every other month, and brings his neighbor groceries once a week. According to control theory, Clarkton's ______ will prevent him from engaging in deviant behavior.

A) differential association
B) hedonistic calculus
C) involvement in his community
D) control-balance

Question 26

The scientific approach to the study of physical and social event is also called positivism.

Question 27

One component of the scientific method is hypothesis collection.

Question 28

A proposition is a statement of the relationship between at least two variables.

Question 29

Gender is a variable.

Question 30

When evaluating a theory, empirical validity refers to the clarity of the concepts or variables that are used to form the propositions.

Question 31

Situational choice theory acknowledges that crime displacement can lead to target hardening.

Question 32

Both rational choice theory and situational choice theory are based on the idea that individuals engage in conscious, rational decision-making.

Question 33

According to Bentham, people hold three basic characteristics: free will, rationality, and manipulability.

Question 34

The looking-glass self refers to the idea that our self-perception is based in part on how we think other people see us.

Question 35

Reintegrative shaming refers to the process by which a person comes to accept the largely negative judgments of others.

Question 36

Hirschi's social bonds theory focused on understanding why people choose not to commit deviant acts.

Question 37

In social control theory, commitment refers to the intensity and variety of interests a person has in common with others in the community.

Question 38

Social control theory is related to Emile Durkheim's ideas about how social integration effects deviance.

Question 39

Farrington identified three key transitions that changed the life trajectory of young offenders: having children, getting married, and attending college.

Question 40

Both trajectories and transitions are major components of Sampson and Laub's developmental approach to understanding deviant behavior.

Question 41

Compare and contrast control theory and the general theory of crime.

Question 42

According to the general theory of crime, what benefits does crime offer a person with low self-control?

Question 43

Differentiate between key components of Sampson and Laub's approach to the study of crime and deviance.

Question 44

Explain the key transitions that changed the trajectory of young offenders identified in Farrington's development study of delinquents.

Question 45

Explain, using example, the components of a scientific theory.

Question 46

Compare the findings from the 1972 Philadelphia Birth Cohort study to Farrington's 1986 Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.

Question 47

Explain, using Aker's criteria for evaluating a theory, how social scientists would evaluate control theory.

Question 48

Using examples, distinguish between the primary components of routine activities theory.

Question 49

Compare and contrast the contributions of Lemert and Becker to the social reactionist perspective.

Question 50

Summarize control theory.