Deck 9: Poverty, Development, and Hunger

Question 1

In developing countries, poverty and hunger disproportionally affect

A) women and children.
B) infants.
C) economic growth.
D) spending at globalized chains such as McDonald's and Starbucks.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The mainstream approach to hunger states that there is enough food, but that the problems are _______ and/or _______.

A) fertilizer supplies; seeds for crops
B) distribution networks; entitlement
C) inadequate rainfall; distribution networks
D) inadequate rainfall; seeds for crops

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A critical alternative view of poverty places more emphasis the availability of

A) common resources.
B) an efficient food supply.
C) genetically modified foods.
D) family planning resources.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the text, the state with the largest proportion of the population infected with COVID-19 is

A) India.
B) Germany.
C) the United States.
D) Brazil.

Question 5

According to the text, while food production has increased,

A) the number of people who go hungry has been all but eliminated.
B) food production technology has declined.
C) little impact has been made on the number of people who go hungry.
D) cash crop production has been abolished.

Question 6

At base, the mainstream concept of poverty translates to

A) sufficient hard currency but insufficient purchasing power.
B) an almost Calvinist self-betterment.
C) an abundance of liquidity.
D) unfulfilled material needs.

Question 7

Which approach to poverty, development, and hunger argues that development follows a linear path from "traditional" to "modern"?

A) Embedded liberalism
B) Mainstream
C) Critical alternative
D) Post-positivist

Question 8

What organization has made the distinction between income poverty (a material condition) and human poverty (encompassing human dignity, agency, opportunity, and choices)?

A) UNICEF
B) Oxfam
C) United Nations Development Programme
D) World Bank

Question 9

World Bank data show that the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day was reduced from _______ in 1990 to _______ in 2015.

A) 836 million; 500 million
B) 1.9 billion; 836 million
C) 3 billion; 1.37 billion
D) 5 billion; 3 billion

Question 10

What term refers to an international economic order based on the pursuit of free trade, but allowing an appropriate role for state intervention in the market in support of national security and national and global stability?

A) Embedded liberalism
B) Neoliberalism
C) Mercantilism
D) Global capitalism

Question 11

What view of development argues for a process that is bottom up, participatory, and reliant on appropriate (often local) knowledge and technology, with small investments in small-scale projects and a protection of the commons?

A) Orthodox
B) Alternative
C) World systems
D) Liberal

Question 12

The process of development in the orthodox model is generally seen as a(n) _______ approach.

A) bottom-up
B) community-driven
C) obsolete
D) top-down

Question 13

A UN Development Program report on the 1990s stated that no fewer than _______ developing or "in transition" countries had experienced serious economic decline over the previous three decades.

A) 21
B) 33
C) 67
D) 100

Question 14

"Diverse paths, locally driven" is a component of which approach of development?

A) Mercantilist
B) Critical alternative
C) Ethno-centrist
D) Liberal institutionalist

Question 15

China, Sri Lanka, Poland, and Cuba _______ under HDI measures than under _______ modes of measurement.

A) score lower; alternative
B) perform the same; unorthodox
C) score higher; orthodox
D) score lower; orthodox

Question 16

Time-limited, quantifiable targets across eight areas, including poverty, health, gender, education, environment, and development are known as

A) Development for a Better World.
B) Global Development Now.
C) Millennium Development Goals.
D) Building Tomorrow Today.

Question 17

Applying neoliberal economic policies that favor a minimalist state and an enhanced role for the market was the focus of the

A) Beltway Agreement.
B) Washington Consensus.
C) Millennial Development Goals.
D) Sustainable Development Goals.

Question 18

Modernization theory views development as synonymous with

A) increased per capita caloric intake.
B) higher per capita GDP.
C) poverty reduction.
D) economic growth.

Question 19

Economic growth, according to modernization theory, is required to reduce

A) poverty.
B) hunger.
C) environmental damage.
D) conflict.

Question 20

According to modernization theory, countries with lower per capita income are regarded as

A) pastoral.
B) impoverished.
C) less developed.
D) uncivilized.

Question 21

In the 1960s and 1970s, _______ stressed how the periphery, or Global South, was actively underdeveloped by policies and decisions that promoted the growth in wealth of the core Western countries and of elites in the periphery.

A) structural realist theorists
B) dependency theorists
C) advocates of the Washington Consensus
D) neoliberals

Question 22

The orthodox and alternative evaluations of the causes of poverty are based on _______ and they are _______.

A) IMF planning documents; therefore, based on sound statistical evidence
B) Marxist thinking; outmoded with the end of the Cold War
C) GATT data sets; in need of revision by UNCTAD and the G-77
D) different values; measuring different things

Question 23

What regime or institution promotes economic growth through trade liberalization coupled with pro-poor growth and poverty reduction policies?

A) Neoliberalism
B) Post-Washington Consensus
C) Lomé Convention
D) Washington Consensus

Question 24

What term describes the idea that development must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs?

A) Efficient intertemporal resource allocation
B) Sustainable development
C) Generational development
D) Ecological development

Question 25

The UN's Brundtland Commission proposed which of the following?

A) Efficient intertemporal resource allocation
B) Sustainable development
C) Generational development
D) Ecological development

Question 26

Which country is considered a "new globalizer"?

A) Germany
B) Afghanistan
C) Mexico
D) Canada

Question 27

Grassroots movements play an important role in challenging entrenched structures of power in

A) transnational corporations.
B) the Global South.
C) states participating in NAFTA and the USMCA.
D) democratic societies.

Question 28

In 1994, the World Bank came up with its "Operational Policy 4.20," which concerns

A) gender disparities.
B) drug policy.
C) institutional restructuring.
D) sustainable development.

Question 29

It is estimated that _______ people around the world did not have enough food in 2015.

A) 100 million
B) 250 million
C) 815 million
D) 2.5 billion

Question 30

Cash crop production in the developing world is increasingly replacing

A) transnational corporate profits.
B) the developed world.
C) the international system.
D) local subsistence food production.

Question 31

Which writer first proposed a relationship between human population growth and the food supply?

A) Guillermo O'Donnell
B) Thomas Malthus
C) John Watson
D) Adam Smith

Question 32

According to the text, when the human population goes beyond the Earth's _______, disaster is inevitable.

A) efficient intertemporal resource location
B) regeneration rate
C) sustainable threshold
D) carrying capacity

Question 33

Amartya Sen, in Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, concludes that hunger is not due to there not being enough to eat; rather, it is because of

A) war.
B) people not having enough to eat.
C) climate change.
D) the slow regeneration rate of resources.

Question 34

The global human population has _______ since the 1800s.

A) stayed the same
B) doubled
C) tripled
D) quintupled

Question 35

According to the text, the factor that determines whether a person experiences chronic hunger is not the availability of food but the ability to

A) grow food safely.
B) establish an entitlement to food.
C) produce food.
D) store food for long enough periods of time.

Question 36

According to Sen, those least able to procure food entitlements are

A) rural farmers.
B) urban factory workers.
C) landless laborers and pastoralists.
D) the elderly.

Question 37

A food system based upon entitlements causes those who lack the _______ to procure food to go hungry.

A) purchasing power
B) ingenuity
C) knowledge
D) military power

Question 38

In developing countries there is/are generally no _______ to ensure people are able to obtain food.

A) food distribution system
B) social security arrangements
C) adequate transportation
D) economic growth

Question 39

Which type of actor has the largest role in the global food regime?

A) Local communities
B) Indigenous peoples
C) Transnational corporations
D) IGOs

Question 40

What state/organization has been the most active in the creation of the global food regime?

A) The United Nations
B) China
C) The European Union
D) The United States

Question 41

The domestic production of food staples in developing countries, combined with changes in consumer preferences in importing countries and the creation of export markets, led to

A) dependence on food aid in the developing world.
B) a global decrease in food production.
C) a rise in subsistence farming.
D) food independence in the developing world.

Question 42

A stress on _______ production has led towards export-oriented, large-scale, intensively mechanized agriculture in the Global South.

A) GMO crop
B) local
C) cash crop
D) subsistence

Question 43

According to the text, what was an adverse effect of the "Green Revolution"?

A) Too much food caused medical problems associated with overeating
B) Peasants were evicted from their land because their labor was no longer needed
C) The revolutionaries did not consider the long-term impacts of changing the political leadership
D) Stress for farmers because for the first time they had surplus crops that they needed to sell to pay for the "green" seeds

Question 44

What has helped erode local food security?

A) Agricultural trade liberalization
B) Abnormal climate conditions
C) Elongated crop rotation methods combined with the lack of spare tractor parts
D) Seasonal variations in the practices of transhumance

Question 45

The Group of 77 states are also referred to as

A) the trade union of the poor.
B) OPEC.
C) the global food cartel.
D) the liberal order states.

Question 46

Promotion of neoliberal economic policies has been accompanied by _______ inequality _______ states.

A) leveling off of; across all
B) elimination of; within all
C) decreasing; between
D) rising; within and among

Question 47

The various views on poverty agree on the basic material aspects, such as lack of food, clean water, and sanitation, but there is disagreement on the importance of _______ aspects.

A) economic
B) nonmaterial
C) development
D) governmental

Question 48

The mainstream or orthodox approach to poverty is based upon which of the following?

A) Per capita water supply
B) Food
C) Money
D) GDP growth

Question 49

According to the text, as globalization has intensified, poverty, defined in economic terms, has come to characterize significant sectors of populations in

A) both the developing countries of the Global South and in developed countries like the United States.
B) only in the Global South.
C) no region in particular as poverty is declining at such a fast rate.
D) the developed economies of the West, but no longer in the Global South.

Question 50

Human poverty encompasses which of the following elements?

A) Strictly material conditions
B) Basic survival of the human species
C) Human dignity
D) The lack of financial support for the global commons

Question 51

The 17 goals set forth by the UN Development Programme to improve quality of life around the world are collectively referred to as the

A) Millennial Development Goals (MDGs).
B) Life Improvement Goals (LIGs).
C) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
D) UN Goals (UNGs).

Question 52

During the Cold War the majority of third world (now Global South) countries were in the capitalist camp because of

A) former colonial ties.
B) the superior economic performance of the West.
C) a desire for continued closed relations with former colonial powers.
D) the irresistibility of Western values and norms.

Question 53

What catchphrase informed the strategies of the IMF and World Bank and, importantly, through the Uruguay Round of trade discussions carried out under the auspices of GATT?

A) Four More Years
B) Eight Is Enough
C) Growth the Pie
D) There Is No Alternative

Question 54

For proponents of neoliberal economic policies, inequality is not a negative aspect but an indicator of

A) the work ethic of less-well-off people.
B) an opportunity for competition and entrepreneurial spirit.
C) Keynesian economics.
D) "trickle-down" economics.

Question 55

Advocates of a critical alternative approach emphasize the pattern of distribution of gains within global society and within individual states, rather than

A) economic growth.
B) poverty eradication.
C) an increase in per capita caloric intake.
D) an egalitarian distribution of resources.

Question 56

According to dependency theorists, in the 1960s and 1970s growth in the core countries was achieved through the active underdevelopment of which region?

A) Africa
B) Latin America
C) Global South
D) East Asia

Question 57

The alternative approach to development and poverty reduction emphasizes the role of _______ in determining the process that is required.

A) the UN
B) NGOs
C) national governments
D) local communities

Question 58

The alternative approach to development places _______ over _______.

A) markets; growth
B) wealth generation; equity
C) diversity; universality
D) NGOs; people

Question 59

The North-South agenda has _______ in the years since the Rio Summit.

A) reached its goals
B) changed little
C) changed a great deal
D) not changed

Question 60

The Chiapas uprising attempted to

A) bring attention to the rapid decease in life expectancy among people living in Gondwanaland.
B) bring attention to the crisis of legitimacy caused by the IMF's SAP for Malta.
C) increase average local purchasing power in Guatemala.
D) bring attention to the needs of indigenous people in Mexico.

Question 61

What is the purpose of development from the critical alternative point of view?

Question 62

How does the alternative view envision poverty?

Question 63

What did the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation say that the process of development should contain?

Question 64

Name three of the five points that the alternative approach argues should be the focus of the process of development.

Question 65

How does the Human Development Index (HDI) differ from earlier mainstream measures of poverty?

Question 66

What is the relationship between democracy and development?

Question 67

Have conditions in the developing world changed since the end of the Cold War? How so?

Question 68

Why have different meanings been attached to the term "poverty"?

Question 69

What is the relationship between economic liberalism and poverty?

Question 70

Was the Green Revolution successful?

Question 71

Explain Malthus's idea concerning the link between population growth and the food supply.

Question 72

Is local food security important in a globalized economy? Why or why not?

Question 73

How have organizations such as the UN, IMF, and so on helped or hindered reducing malnourishment around the globe?

Question 74

How is the US push for agricultural trade liberalization a net positive or a net negative for the Global South?

Question 75

Using the gendered lens, how does trade liberalization affect the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa?

Question 76

What are the advantages and disadvantages to growing cash crops?

Question 77

How has the transition to cash crops affected food security in the developing world?

Question 78

Discuss the role of transnational corporations in the global food regime.

Question 79

How did the global food regime develop?

Question 80

What has the global food regime contributed to hunger reduction?