Deck 7: Human Rights and Human Security

Question 1

Where did the modern concept of individual human rights develop?

A) United States
B) Europe
C) East Asia
D) Oceania

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The UNHCR reports that there are an estimated _______ people displaced by conflict around the world.

A) 19 million
B) 20 million
C) 84 million
D) 2 billion

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Second-generation human rights cover

A) free speech, freedom of religion, and voting rights.
B) social, economic, and cultural rights.
C) the right to natural resources, the right to self-determination, the right to clean air, and the right to communicate.
D) freedom from fear, freedom from want, and the rule of law.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the term for a separation of the world into civilized and uncivilized?

A) Modernization theory
B) Global North and Global South
C) Standards of civilization
D) Core-periphery relationship

Question 5

In nineteenth-century England, Richard Cobden was critical of traditional diplomacy but supported the norm of nonintervention because

A) the norm had originated in France and like Edmund Burke, Cobden embraced ideas from the French Revolution.
B) English radical liberals were opposed to ideas such as universal suffrage and ending poll taxes.
C) the norm originated in Moghol India, a state with which the English government was seeking an alliance against Safavid Iran.
D) moral arguments in support of interventions were motivated by power politics and mischief making.

Question 6

The primary difficulty in realizing humanitarian impulses is

A) the common humanity of all peoples.
B) a lack of elite interest.
C) the sovereignty of states.
D) an overemphasis on environmental justice.

Question 7

Which generation of human rights focuses on social, economic, and cultural rights?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth

Question 8

The theory of rights in the Middle Ages rested on the idea of

A) clemency.
B) royal privilege.
C) common law.
D) natural law.

Question 9

What document was instrumental in establishing the political practice of extracting charters of liberties?

A) Magna Carta 1215
B) Royal Proclamation 1763
C) Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
D) Port Huron Statement

Question 10

What thinker pointed to the way in which the liberal position on rights stresses property rights to the advantage of the rich and powerful?

A) G. W. F. Hegel
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Karl Marx
D) John Locke

Question 11

What convention saw the Great Powers accept an obligation to end the slave trade?

A) Congress of Vienna 1815
B) Brussels Convention 1890
C) Hague Conventions 1907
D) Slavery Convention 1926

Question 12

The international community rarely acts on human rights cases unless _______ is engaged.

A) the international community
B) public opinion
C) the Security Council
D) the United States

Question 13

Which UN organ has the responsibility to monitor human rights violations?

A) Security Council
B) Human Rights Committee
C) High Commission of the Responsibility to Protect
D) Commission on Human Rights

Question 14

"Asian values," as a response to Western "human rights," places prime importance on

A) the family.
B) state rights.
C) cultural rights.
D) sovereignty.

Question 15

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is sometimes called

A) an arm of US foreign policy.
B) the Karlsruhe Criminal Court, for the city where it is based.
C) the court of last resort.
D) weak, ineffective, and because it can only prosecute crimes committed before July 1, 2002.

Question 16

As opposed to national security, human security takes _______ as its focus.

A) the individual
B) the collective
C) the sovereign
D) groups

Question 17

Booth contends that we may not be able to agree about what constitutes _______ but we can probably agree on what is _______.

A) a human right; a human wrong
B) intervention; not necessary in global politics
C) Benthamite sovereignty; Hobbesian localism
D) rectitude; integrity

Question 18

What is the term used for including nonmilitary matters in security studies?

A) Widening Scholars
B) "Securitizing"
C) Broadening
D) "Securifying"

Question 19

According to the United Nations, the punishment of genocide is a(n)

A) matter for states to resolve outside the UN system.
B) international concern.
C) historical fact.
D) uniquely Western European problem.

Question 20

Freedom from want and freedom from _______ are the two competing paradigms of human security.

A) constraints
B) exploitation
C) violence
D) fear

Question 21

What is required for human development?

A) International intervention
B) Moderate climate
C) Access to the internet
D) Societal participation, sufficient material resources for a decent standard of living, and education

Question 22

Roughly how many people have become what the United Nations calls "internally displaced persons" as a result of the Syrian civil war?

A) Almost 900,000
B) 1.65 million
C) 4.8 million
D) Nearly 7 million

Question 23

The current human rights crisis that Rohingya refugees face is the result of which factor?

A) The general lack of Human Capital Resources (HCR) to support the Rohingya
B) The Rohingya are Buddhists living in a primarily Muslim country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing"
C) The Rohingya are Muslims living in a primarily Buddhist country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing"
D) Not enough "Nansen Passports" are available

Question 24

_______ is the belief that no one is secure until all people are secure from threats of war.

A) Common safety
B) Collected security
C) Common security
D) Solidarist security

Question 25

Protests and revolutionary uprisings that began in Tunisia in 2010 with a desire for more democratic political systems and more equitable economic systems collectively refer to the

A) Arab Revolution.
B) Middle East Uprising.
C) Arab Awakening.
D) Arab Spring.

Question 26

What is the most common kind of conflict after 1991?

A) Intrastate
B) Extrastate
C) Nonstate
D) Refugee-driven

Question 27

According to the Human Security Center, _______ might have caused a global decrease in armed conflict.

A) fewer refugees
B) UAV attacks
C) growing democratization and economic interdependence
D) the end of the war in Iraq

Question 28

The liberal feminist model of human rights seeks to

A) extend the rights of men to women.
B) extend the rights of all people extended to include transgendered people.
C) create an entirely new paradigm of personhood.
D) actively promote Bentham's model of person responsibilities and rights.

Question 29

Genocidal violence has occurred in which of the following countries in the 1990s?

A) Rwanda and Canada
B) Bosnia and New Zealand
C) Rwanda and Bosnia
D) Kosovo and Germany

Question 30

NGOs contribute to human security by

A) supplying peacekeeping forces to the UN.
B) providing a channel for relief operations.
C) replacing state governments' roles in humanitarian crises.
D) taking a leadership role over IGOs.

Question 31

The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations noted in a 2000 report

A) the need for more women as peacekeepers.
B) the need for fewer women as peacekeepers.
C) more peacekeepers from the P5 member-states.
D) the need for aggressive intervention in the Maghreb region.

Question 32

What force has made it more difficult for leaders to assert that national cultural norms are more important than global standards of behavior?

A) Nationalism
B) Globalization
C) UN peacekeeping operations
D) Religious fundamentalism

Question 33

The International Criminal Court was established on July 1, 2002, with its headquarters in _______, although its proceedings may take place _______.

A) The Hague, Netherlands; anywhere
B) Rome, Italy; in The Hague, Netherlands
C) Geneva, Switzerland; anywhere
D) The Hague, Netherlands; only when the Secretary General authorizes a session

Question 34

The four justifications for invoking the Right to Protect (R2P) are

A) genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
B) genocide, crimes against persons, ethnic cleansing, mass murder.
C) genocide, sexual violence, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity.
D) Genocide, use of WMD, ethnic cleansing, war crimes.

Question 35

French president François Mitterrand was allegedly fearful that an RPF victory in French-speaking Rwanda would result in the country coming under the influence of

A) the United States.
B) Anglophones.
C) Germany.
D) China.

Question 36

Kofi Annan says that national sovereignty has to be weighed and balanced against _______ when considering intervention.

A) international law
B) the offending state's conduct
C) individual sovereignty
D) R2P

Question 37

The concept of humanitarian intervention was endorsed by the report of the UN Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change called

A) Counter-restrictionists and Nation-state Human Rights Violations.
B) A More Secure World.
C) The P5 Must Lead: Humanitarian Intervention for the New Millennium.
D) Millennial Guidelines for Intervention.

Question 38

Realist scholars often assert that states reject humanitarian intervention because states only pursue

A) terrorists.
B) their national interest.
C) hegemony.
D) viable resources.

Question 39

What state objected to the universalism of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948?

A) Russia
B) The United States
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Myanmar

Question 40

What are inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?

A) Universal rights
B) Essential rights
C) The Bill of Rights
D) Human rights

Question 41

When political power interests are disguised as humanitarianism, this can lead to

A) forcible humanitarian intervention.
B) abuse.
C) murderous states.
D) failed states.

Question 42

Which institution essentially controls whether R2P will be successfully invoked?

A) ICJ
B) UN General Assembly
C) UN Security Council
D) ICC

Question 43

NATO intervened in Kosovo for reasons of national self-interest and for humanitarian purposes. The latter includes

A) Milošević's violations of the norm of common humanity.
B) the pressure caused by an influx of refugees.
C) Serbia's violation of Kosovar state sovereignty.
D) NATO's mutual defense pact with the people of Kosovo.

Question 44

Despite its _______, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly in 1948 is, symbolically, _______.

A) precise and binding rules; an artifact of a previous era
B) non-binding status; the baseline for future human rights promotion
C) precise and binding rules; the baseline for future human rights promotion
D) declamatory status and; an artifact of a previous era

Question 45

Two NGOs that provide specialized humanitarian assistance include

A) the Red Cross and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
B) UNICEF and Doctors Without Borders.
C) the International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières.
D) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and Oxfam.

Question 46

The idea that humans have an essential nature that dictates that certain kinds of human goods are always and everywhere desired is called

A) individual human rights.
B) liberal account of human rights.
C) humanitarian idealism.
D) natural law.

Question 47

The International Criminal Court brought charges of genocide against President Omar al-Bashir because of actions in the _______ region of _______.

A) Darfur; Sudan
B) Kandahar; Afghanistan
C) Kashmir; the Pakistan-India frontier
D) Patagonia; Argentina

Question 48

What is the principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states?

A) Nonintervention
B) Democratic peace theory
C) Sovereignty
D) Indivisibility of territorial borders

Question 49

Rights written into a constitution are called _______ rights.

A) state's
B) human
C) natural
D) charter

Question 50

The belief that humans have inherent rights that the state has a responsibility to protect is called

A) natural law.
B) the liberal account of human rights.
C) reductio ad absurdum.
D) a progressive account of human rights law.

Question 51

A nineteenth-century European discourse about which values and norms made a country "civilized" or "uncivilized" was called

A) Standards of Civilization.
B) the Barbary Code.
C) the Culture Club of Europe.
D) the Progress of Refinement Ethic.

Question 52

Authoritarian states, theocracies, and democratic great powers tend to oppose

A) human rights abuses.
B) decolonization efforts.
C) economic development programs.
D) human rights conventions.

Question 53

What is the idea that it is possible to improve the lives of people?

A) Progress and development
B) Standards of civilization
C) Human development
D) Economic development

Question 54

_______ is the notion that, until all people are secure from threats of war, no one is secure.

A) Common security
B) Security dilemma
C) Cold War
D) Balance of power

Question 55

Which term means the security of people, including their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights?

A) Natural rights
B) Human security
C) Humanitarianism
D) Human rights

Question 56

The Congress of Vienna states sought to ban which of the following?

A) Mass termination
B) Genocide
C) Holocaust
D) The slave trade

Question 57

What concept asserts that there are common moral standards that govern all human relations and that these common standards can be discerned by the application of reason to human affairs?

A) Common law
B) Natural law
C) Liberal account of human rights
D) Human security

Question 58

_______ is the use of military force by external actors to end a humanitarian threat to people within a sovereign state.

A) Humanitarian intervention
B) Rapid Response
C) R2P
D) Peacekeeping Force Deployment

Question 59

In recent conflicts, civilian casualties constitute _______ of deaths.

A) less than 10%
B) 20% to 25%
C) 45% to 50%
D) 80% to 85%

Question 60

In which internal conflict was R2P successfully invoked?

A) Bosnia
B) Rwanda
C) Kosovo
D) Libya

Question 61

Briefly outline the differences between the first, second, and third generations of human rights.

Question 62

What are the two basic components of the "liberal position on rights"?

Question 63

What is meant by the "standards of civilization"? What was the phrase's historical origin?

Question 64

What were the stated reasons for the Soviet bloc countries not signing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948?

Question 65

Why did some states abstain from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Question 66

Outline the feminist critique of human rights.

Question 67

What is meant by "Asian values," and what was it a response to?

Question 68

What does the "universal human rights regime" refer to?

Question 69

Define "universalism" with respect to human rights.

Question 70

What is the difference between human and national security?

Question 71

What are the three components of human security?

Question 72

Define human development in 40 words or fewer.

Question 73

Briefly describe three advances in attaining progress toward human security objectives.

Question 74

Name three reasons for the long-term decline in the lethality of conflict.

Question 75

What is humanitarian intervention?

Question 76

List the three criticisms of human security.

Question 77

Briefly, what role can NGOs play in ensuring human security?

Question 78

Why would humanitarianism be rejected by those who prioritize the national interest?

Question 79

What are the two objections to human rights and human security regimes that have persisted since 1945?

Question 80

What is a connection between human rights promotion and environmentalism?