Deck 3: Perceiving Others

Question 1

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Our tendency to positively interpret information about someone for whom we have established a positive Gestalt.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Answer 1

G

Question 2

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The human tendency to attribute internal causes, rather than external or environmental causes, to others' behaviors.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Focusing our attention on specific stimuli found in our environment.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Answer 3

T

Question 4

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-A phase of the perception process in which we structure information into coherent, meaningful patterns in our minds.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 5

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The tendency to make internal attributions about one's own successful behaviors.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 6

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Mental structures we use to interpret information during the perception process.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 7

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Explanations for the comments and behaviors of others.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 8

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behaviors of people for whom we have negative Gestalts.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 9

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our senses.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 10

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The tendency to assign external causes to one's own behavior.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 11

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The tendency to form positive Gestalts.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 12

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-According to this theory, our primary goal in initial interactions is to reduce the feeling of uncertainty about our conversation partners so their behavior is more predictable and explainable.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 13

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The process of comparing and assessing positive and negative characteristics to form impressions of others.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 14

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Personal beliefs about different personalities and the ways traits cluster together.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 15

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The process of assigning meaning to information we have selected.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 16

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The process in which humans categorize others as a social group based upon mental schemata.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 17

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-A general sense of a person that is either positive or negative.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 18

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The degree to which particular people attract our attention.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 19

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The tendency to form negative Gestalts.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 20

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-An individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting, based on his or her traits.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 21

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-A process of structuring information into a chronological sequence.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 22

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-The process of trying to feel and understand the thoughts and emotions of others.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 23

Match the concept, term, or theory with its correct response or definition.
-Mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them.

A) actor-observer effect
B) algebraic impressions
C) attributions
D) empathy
E) fundamental attribution error
F) Gestalt
G) halo effect
H) horn effect
I) implicit personality theories
J) interpersonal impressions
K) interpretation
L) negativity effect
M) organization
N) perception
O) personality
P) positivity bias
Q) punctuation
R) salience
S) schemata
T) selection
U) self-serving bias
V) stereotyping
W) Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Question 24

As we perceive others, we are more influenced by negative characteristics than positive characteristics.

Question 25

If a person is able to view something from another's perspective, he or she is offering empathy.

Question 26

If Joanna attributes negative outcomes to external sources while simultaneously attributing positive outcomes to her own internal or personal characteristics, she is demonstrating a self-serving bias.

Question 27

During the organization phase of perception, we engage in punctuation, where we tend to make internal attributions, crediting ourselves for our own behavior.

Question 28

Implicit personality theories operate similarly to stereotyping.

Question 29

A halo effect may occur when we attribute positive motives to someone's actions without having actually observed those particular qualities.

Question 30

If you ignore the positive or good in someone that you do not like, you are demonstrating the horn effect.

Question 31

Culture, gender, and personality are three examples of filters that influence the way we perceive people and events in our lives.

Question 32

We tend to pay more attention to positive than to negative characteristics of others.

Question 33

Stereotyping automatically leads to negative generalizations about other people, cultures, and genders.

Question 34

People who share fundamentally similar attitudes, values, and beliefs with you are considered ingroupers.

Question 35

Gestalts are formed as the result of a specific positive or negative observation we have of another person.

Question 36

Perception is a sense-making process in which individuals actively manage information and stimuli by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from their environment.

Question 37

We engage in the selection process of perception by focusing our attention on specific stimuli while ignoring others because of human limitations on processing information.

Question 38

Salience relates to the importance you place on the attributes you perceive in others.

Question 39

Punctuation occurs in the organization stage of perception and refers to structuring information and events in chronological order.

Question 40

An attribution is our way of explaining other people's responses and behaviors toward us.

Question 41

The actor-observer effect results from the innate human tendency to make internal or dispositional attributions concerning one's own behavior.

Question 42

The human tendency to credit ourselves, not the environment or external causes, for our successful behavior is called a self-serving bias.

Question 43

According to Uncertainty Reduction Theory, people have a basic need to reduce uncertainty in initial interactions and to increase their ability to explain and predict the behavior of others.

Question 44

Gender's impact on nonverbal communication accounts for only 1 percent of behavioral differences between women and men.

Question 45

We can increase our intercultural communication competence by practicing world-mindedness and acknowledging attributional complexity.

Question 46

Chris's friend Beth had a miscarriage, so he rushes over to her apartment to offer her comfort and consolation. Chris is displaying

A) empathy.
B) supportiveness.
C) self-serving bias.
D) selflessness.
E) none of the options is correct

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the major influences on the perception process?

A) culture
B) gender
C) personality
D) negativity effect
E) none of the options is correct

Question 48

What process is involved when we direct our attention to specific stimuli while ignoring other stimuli?

A) perception
B) perceptual loss
C) selection
D) punctuation
E) organization

Question 49

Which of the following judgments are we most likely to make when deciding whether someone is an ingrouper or an outgrouper?

A) how similar the person is to us
B) how dissimilar the person is to us
C) how positive our impressions of the person are
D) how negative our impressions of the person are
E) all of the options are correct

Question 50

Many factors influence the selection stage of the perception process. Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) salience
B) communication that deviates from our expectations
C) communication that is viewed as important
D) communication that is stimulating
E) punctuation

Question 51

In interpreting information, we form attributions, which are defined as

A) explanations for others' behaviors and comments.
B) mental structures that define concept characteristics.
C) stimuli that attract our attention.
D) judgments about the characteristics of other people.
E) none of the options is correct

Question 52

Which of the following factors influences the interpretation stage of the perception process?

A) schemata
B) internal attributions
C) external attributions
D) fundamental attribution error
E) all of the options are correct

Question 53

When we perceive and judge our own behavior, we often use the

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) actor-observer effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) both B and C
E) both A and A

Question 54

At a party your friend got drunk. You later explain that your friend was stressed out from a recent breakup. What type of attribution are you making?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) faulty attribution
C) internal attribution
D) external attribution
E) none of the options is correct

Question 55

A husband and wife are having dinner at a restaurant when the wife accuses her husband of paying too much attention to their server. The husband claims he was just returning her eye contact and smile. Which process in the organizational stage of perception have the husband and wife engaged in differently?

A) salience
B) punctuation
C) selection
D) uncertainty reduction
E) none of the options is correct

Question 56

When we categorize people as a group, based upon our own schemata while simultaneously ignoring individual differences, what perceptual process are we illustrating?

A) self-serving bias
B) punctuation
C) stereotyping
D) algebraic impressions
E) none of the options is correct

Question 57

If your girlfriend says she goes to the gym after work because you are never home, and you go out for drinks after work because she is working out at the gym, then your difference in perception is due to

A) punctuation
B) stereotyping
C) fundamental attribution error
D) negativity effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 58

Which of the following does NOT influence the interpretation stage of perception?

A) schemata
B) attributions
C) actor-observer effect
D) punctuation
E) none of the options is correct

Question 59

Which of the following play(s) an important role in forming our Gestalts?

A) schemata
B) attributions
C) salience
D) punctuation
E) none of the options is correct

Question 60

Which of the following is (are) used in the punctuation process during the organization stage of perception?

A) cause-effect
B) related events
C) schemata
D) chronological sequence
E) none of the options is correct

Question 61

If the chairperson of the Federal Reserve predicts that inflation will continue, you might interpret this prediction as credible and accurate. This is an example of which influence on interpreting information?

A) ingrouper
B) openness
C) punctuation
D) salience
E) schemata

Question 62

You know your romantic partner is online, but he or she has not responded to your instant message, so you assume he or she is losing interest in you. What kind of attribution are you making?

A) internal attribution
B) external attribution
C) true perception
D) actor-observer effect
E) none of the options is correct

Question 63

When we perceive and judge others, we commonly

A) form a negative Gestalt.
B) feel secure in our initial interactions.
C) attribute their behavior to internal, personal causes.
D) judge them more positively than we do ourselves.
E) none of the options is correct

Question 64

If you yell at your roommate and later explain that your behavior was related to stress at work, what type of error are you making?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) internal attribution
C) self-serving bias
D) actor-observer effect
E) none of the options is correct

Question 65

If Marcus won a bet by predicting the point spread for the Super Bowl and claimed it was due to his understanding of probability and statistics, what attribution is he making?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) external attribution
C) self-serving bias
D) actor-observer effect
E) none of the options is correct

Question 66

According to Uncertainty Reduction Theory, which of the following is a primary goal of initial interaction?

A) reduce uncertainty
B) explain behavior
C) predict behavior
D) help anticipate how others will respond to us
E) all of the options are correct

Question 67

Which of the following is an active strategy for reducing uncertainty regarding a person's behavior?

A) observing the person
B) asking questions of the person
C) disclosing personal information to the person
D) stalking the person
E) third-person questioning

Question 68

Which of the following are methods used for reducing uncertainty in our initial interactions with others?

A) passive strategies
B) active strategies
C) interactive strategies
D) observing and learning about how someone acts in social settings
E) all of the options are correct

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of salient communication?

A) It is visually and audibly stimulating.
B) It is consistent with our goals and is seen as important.
C) It deviates from our expectations.
D) It is predictable.
E) all of the options are correct

Question 70

Which of the following describes an ingrouper?

A) someone who shares similar values to you
B) someone who shares similar attitudes to you
C) someone who shares similar beliefs to you
D) someone whom you perceive as similar to you
E) all of the options are correct

Question 71

Which of the following conclusions can be made about gender differences?

A) Women and men are substantially similar.
B) Women and men are substantially dissimilar.
C) Women and men are essentially similar and respond similarly.
D) Women use indirect language, whereas men use direct language.
E) none of the options is correct

Question 72

Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and acting constitute

A) an interpersonal impression.
B) implicit personality theory.
C) an algebraic impression.
D) schemata.
E) personality.

Question 73

Psychologists define five primary personality traits. Which of the following is NOT part of their "Big Five"?

A) agreeableness
B) openness
C) extraversion
D) introversion
E) neuroticism

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT part of the interpretation phase of the perception process?

A) salience
B) schemata
C) attributions
D) self-serving bias
E) actor-observer effect

Question 75

Leslie likes Jon because he has an extraverted, engaging, and humorous personality. When Leslie's friend tells her that Jon can be very impatient and demonstrates road rage on a daily basis, Leslie refuses to believe her. What perceptual problem is Leslie demonstrating?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) self-serving bias
C) actor-observer effect
D) horn effect
E) halo effect

Question 76

Paul thinks that Professor Lee is a poor instructor and finds her class too challenging. After spending hours revising a paper, he tells a friend that the class requires too much time. What perceptual process is affecting Paul?

A) horn effect
B) halo effect
C) actor-observer effect
D) consistency effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 77

Ellen communicates well with her partner Carmen. When they experience miscommunication, Ellen is able to ask her partner questions to clarify her understanding. Ellen is demonstrating what perceptual skill in her relationship?

A) positivity bias
B) salience
C) halo effect
D) empathy
E) perception-checking

Question 78

Which of the following is involved in the perception-checking process?

A) checking your punctuation
B) checking your attributions
C) checking your perceptual influences
D) checking your impressions
E) all of the options are correct

Question 79

Define perception and identify the three stages of the process.

Question 80

Define and give an example of how implicit personality theories work.