Deck 16: Ethical and Legal Issues

Question 1

Which phrase signals an ethical issue?

A) must do
B) ought to do
C) will do
D) already did

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The Oath of Hippocrates originated in approximately ___.

A) 1000 BC
B) 400 BC
C) 400 AD
D) 1000 AD

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The Nuremberg Code originated with the trial of ___.

A) cocaine drug dealers
B) Vietnam war criminals
C) Mafia criminals
D) Nazi war criminals

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which ethical principle appeared in the Nuremberg Code but is not in the Hippocratic Oath?

A) privacy
B) confidentiality
C) voluntary consent
D) knowledge of results

Question 5

The Belmont Report was aimed primarily at ___.

A) use of animals in research
B) use of humans in research
C) medical practice
D) psychological testing

Question 6

One of the purposes of ethical codes for professions is to ___.

A) emphasize the general principle of "do good and avoid evil"
B) protect the reputation of the profession
C) decrease dues for members of professional associations
D) reduce civil litigation

Question 7

The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing was developed by the ___.

A) American Psychological Association
B) American Educational Research Association
C) National Council on Measurement in Education
D) all three of these organizations

Question 8

The APA Ethics Code refers to "non-maleficience." What phrase best corresponds to this term?

A) do no harm
B) do your best
C) maltreatment is subject to fine
D) treat male and female patients alike

Question 9

The psychologist who uses tests should learn the principles of psychological testing and stay up-to-date regarding new tests. This statement is an outgrowth of which ethical principle?

A) confidentiality
B) competence
C) informed consent
D) knowledge of results

Question 10

Dr. Mark explains to the client the purpose of giving him the Wechsler test. Dr. Mark is observing the first step related to which ethical principle?

A) confidentiality
B) competence
C) informed consent
D) knowledge of results

Question 11

The psychologist's general responsibility to maintain confidentiality is waived when ___.

A) the test results involve only cognitive ability
B) the test results involve only career interests
C) grave harm may come to someone if confidentiality is maintained
D) the financial cost of maintaining confidentiality becomes too high

Question 12

A psychologist is trained in use of the Rorschach but not the TAT. He uses the TAT anyway, reasoning that it is quite similar to the Rorschach. He may be violating what ethical principle?

A) confidentiality
B) competence
C) informed consent
D) knowledge of results

Question 13

Who is principally responsible for valid interpretation of a computer-generated narrative report on the MMPI?

A) the MMPI test authors
B) the MMPI test publisher
C) the psychologist who had the client take the MMPI
D) the company that developed the computer program for the report

Question 14

What test publishers refer to as "test user qualifications" would more accurately be called ___.

A) test purchaser qualifications
B) test publisher qualifications
C) test specifications
D) test technical standards

Question 15

Most publishers use a system of "test user qualifications" that has _____ levels.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10

Question 16

Which is NOT one of the major areas for the interface of testing and the law?

A) employment
B) education
C) military
D) forensics

Question 17

The specialization that deals with the application of psychological principles and methods in legal settings is called ____________ psychology.

A) developmental
B) clinical
C) forensic
D) counseling

Question 18

Law that arises from regulations adopted by a government agency is called ___.

A) case law
B) legislation
C) administrative law
D) court law

Question 19

Another name for legislation enacted, for example, by the U.S. Congress is __ law.

A) case
B) administrative
C) regulatory
D) statutory

Question 20

In legal terminology "U.S.C." stands for ___.

A) United States Congress
B) United States Code
C) Universal System of Courts
D) Universal State Cases

Question 21

In legal terminology, "P.L." stands for ___.

A) Parliamentary License
B) Public Law
C) Psychological License
D) Parallel Laws

Question 22

In legal terminology, "C.F.R." stands for ___.

A) Congressional Federal Registry
B) Continental and Foreign Reforms
C) Code of Federal Regulations
D) Certain Forensic Reliability

Question 23

Which amendment to the U. S. Constitution has played a prominent role in court cases related to testing?

A) 1^st
B) 5^th
C) 10^th
D) 14^th

Question 24

Which clause in the 14^th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution has played a prominent role in court cases related to testing?

A) equal protection clause
B) free speech clause
C) Miranda rights clause
D) separation of church and state clause

Question 25

The 14^th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution was adopted following what war?

A) Revolutionary War
B) Civil War
C) World War II
D) Gulf War

Question 26

When developing laws relevant to testing, the U. S. Congress has used all of the following EXCEPT ___.

A) the 14^th amendment to the constitution
B) the power to regulate interstate commerce
C) controlling purse strings related to federal programs
D) the free speech amendment

Question 27

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 related mainly to what area of testing?

A) learning disabilities
B) educational achievement
C) personality, especially projectives
D) employment

Question 28

What part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was most relevant for testing?

A) Parts A-D
B) Part I
C) Title VII
D) Title 22

Question 29

Which of these was the most important successor to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?

A) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
B) Civil Rights Act of 1991
C) IDEA
D) the 15^th Amendment to the Constitution

Question 30

Which of these laws dealt specifically with the disabled in educational settings?

A) Civil Rights Act of 1991
B) Rehabilitation Act of 1973
C) EEOC Guidelines
D) P.L. 94-142

Question 31

Which type of disability is NOT included within the definition of a "specific learning disability" according to the IDEA law? Imperfect ability to ___.

A) spell
B) speak
C) see
D) read

Question 32

Which of these is a key phrase referenced in laws related to education of the handicapped/disabled?

A) free appropriate public education
B) no barriers for anyone
C) give me liberty or give me death
D) free speech, free education

Question 33

Several laws related to the handicapped/disabled in education call for use of an IEP. These initials stand for ___.

A) initiating educational progress
B) individual educational plan
C) independence, excellence, promotion
D) itemized external posting

Question 34

Several laws related to the handicapped/disabled in education call for education in "the least restrictive environment." The popular term for implementing this provision is ___.

A) tracking
B) grouping
C) mainstreaming
D) de-disabling

Question 35

The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is popularly known as the ___.

A) Buckley amendment
B) Civil Rights Act
C) free speech amendment
D) testing law

Question 36

Which law emphasizes that parents have a right to see their child's test results from school testing programs?

A) IDEA
B) Civil Rights Act
C) Americans with Disabilities Act
D) FERPA

Question 37

The No Child Left Behind Act relies heavily on concepts from ___.

A) standards-based education
B) forensic psychology
C) equal employment opportunity
D) the APA Ethics Code

Question 38

What important set of regulations did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issue as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A) Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection
B) FERPA
C) Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests
D) APA Ethics Code

Question 39

The "EEOC guidelines" apply mainly to the use of tests and other criteria for purposes of ___.

A) high school graduation
B) clinical diagnosis
C) employment selection
D) research with human subjects

Question 40

The "EEOC guidelines" define adverse impact in terms of the ____________ rule.

A) four-fifths
B) golden
C) Miranda
D) three-strikes

Question 41

If a selection procedure results in adverse impact, what must the user of the procedure demonstrate in order for the procedure to be legal?

A) adequate validity
B) adequate reliability
C) subgroup norms
D) unbiased intention

Question 42

The practice of "subgroup norming" was adopted by some employers to reduce or eliminate claims of ___.

A) adverse impact
B) learning disabilities
C) sex harassment
D) age discrimination

Question 43

The practice of "subgroup norming" was outlawed by ___.

A) FERPA
B) P.L. 94-142
C) the 5^th Amendment
D) the Civil Rights Act of 1991

Question 44

Most court cases involving the use of tests have been brought at which level of the court system?

A) local
B) state
C) international
D) federal

Question 45

Which of these court cases dealt mainly with employment cases?

A) Debra P. v. Turlington
B) Larry P. v. Riles
C) Griggs v. Duke Power
D) PASE v. Hannon

Question 46

What type of testing was at issue in the Debra P. v. Turlington and GI Forum v. TEA cases?

A) high school graduation tests
B) learning disability tests
C) personality tests
D) IQ tests

Question 47

What type of testing was at issue in the Larry P. v. Riles and PASE v. Hannon cases?

A) high school graduation tests
B) learning disability tests
C) personality tests
D) IQ tests

Question 48

Besides the use of tests, use of what other criterion was at issue in Griggs v. Duke Power?

A) high school diploma
B) personal interview
C) physical ability
D) polygraph

Question 49

What type of test validity turned out to be important in the Debra P. v. Turlington case in Florida?

A) construct
B) concurrent
C) predictive
D) instructional

Question 50

Which two court cases dealt with essentially the same issue but reached opposite conclusions?

A) Larry P. v. Riles and PASE v. Hannon
B) Griggs v. Duke Power and GI Forum v. TEA
C) GI Forum v. TEA and Frye v. United States
D) PASE v. Hannon and Griggs v. Duke Power

Question 51

In the legal system, the term INSANITY refers to mental capacity at the time of ___.

A) standing trial
B) sentencing
C) committing a crime
D) planning the crime

Question 52

The U. S. Congress passed the Insanity Defense Reform Act in response to an acquittal based on the insanity plea by a person who attempted to ___.

A) blow up a building
B) assassinate a president
C) send anthrax-laced letters
D) start fires in the capitol building

Question 53

Which is NOT one of the special areas of concern for forensic application of tests identified in the textbook?

A) child custody
B) prediction of future violence
C) spousal abuse
D) white-collar crime

Question 54

Which generalization best describes the relationship between the law and principles of good testing?

A) The law generally supports the principles.
B) The law is indifferent to the principles.
C) The law usually conflicts with the principles.
D) The law professes ignorance of the principles.

Question 55

Legal requirements related to testing developed within the past 50 years have been most influential regarding which of these topics?

A) factor structure of tests
B) reliability of subscores
C) use of computer-adaptive test methods
D) application of tests to various subgroups

Question 56

Use of what test was of concern in the case of Karraker v. Rent-A-Center?

A) OLSAT
B) TAT
C) SAT
D) MMPI

Question 57

In the case of Karraker v. Rent-A-Center, a crucial issue was whether the MMPI was a type of ___.

A) medical test
B) educational test
C) computer-scored test
D) computer adaptive test

Question 58

The text notes that the insanity plea in court cases is ___.

A) made often and is frequently successful
B) made often but is rarely successful
C) made infrequently and is rarely successful
D) made infrequently but when made is usually successful

Question 59

In forensic applications, psychological tests may be relevant to determinations of ___.

A) insanity
B) competency to stand trial
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 60

What generalization does the text offer about the specific tests used in forensic applications in comparison with other types of applications?

A) The tests tend to be quite different.
B) The tests tend to be much the same.
C) The tests are much the same for intellectual assessment but different for personality assessment.
D) The tests are much the same for personality assessment but different for intellectual assessment.

Question 61

The Supreme Court's decision in Atkins v. Virginia resulted in prohibiting ___.

A) capital punishment for mentally retarded persons
B) use of cognitive ability tests for employee selection
C) use of high school graduation tests
D) mandatory life sentences for anything other than first degree murder

Question 62

In the Atkins v. Virginia case, what unusual source of information was cited by the Supreme Court as defining a national consensus?

A) legal briefs from all 50 states
B) meta-analysis of law school journal articles
C) a summary of statements by law school deans
D) public opinion polls

Question 63

The New Haven Firefighters case involved use of a test for ________.

A) initial employment
B) promotion
C) special merit pay
D) a distinguished service medal

Question 64

The Supreme Court's final decision in the New Haven Firefighters case turned most importantly on ____.

A) the validity of the test
B) the reliability of the test
C) the City Council's motivation for rejecting the test results
D) the racial composition of the City Council over several years

Question 65

The Hall v. Florida case relied heavily on use of what psychometric concept?

A) Consequential validity
B) Standard error of measurement
C) Inter-rater reliability
D) Local norms

Question 66

The Hall v. Florida case was a follow-up to what other case?

A) New Haven Firefighters
B) Karraker v. Rent-A-Center
C) Debra P.
D) Atkins v. Virginia