Deck 23: Refugees and International Development Policy and Practice

Question 1

Refugees are a consequence of which of the following?

A) Human mobility
B) The modern state system
C) Immigration
D) Feudalism
E) Slavery

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Once states become sovereigns, _____________.

A) rulers began to accept refugees
B) rulers began to determine the political constitutions of communities
C) rulers began to determine who could and could not belong to political communities
D) refugees began to determine who could and could not belong to political communities
E) the UN began to determine who could and could not belong to political communities

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term "refugee" was first used in ____________.

A) New York
B) the 1980s
C) 1695
D) 1712
E) 1685

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The Huguenots were ____________.

A) refugees from Syria
B) religious refugees from France
C) displaced communities from El Salvador
D) Protestants that fled to the United Kingdom
E) early immigrants from France

Question 5

Which of the following reinforces the notion that all citizens of a state should belong to the same nation?

A) Nationalism
B) Colonialism
C) Liberalism
D) Modernization theory
E) Dependency theory

Question 6

Nationalism and colonialism _______________.

A) are twin drivers of progress
B) have redefined the notion of the state
C) have prevented forced immigration
D) have forced thousands of people into exile
E) None of the above

Question 7

UNHCR was given a mandate to ________________.

A) cooperate with governments with war conflicts
B) cooperate with governments that do not receive refugees
C) ensure the international protection of countries that receive thousands of refugees
D) ensure the national protection of refugees
E) ensure the international protection of refugees

Question 8

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was established in ___________.

A) 2015
B) 2012
C) 1945
D) 1951
E) 1918

Question 9

The largest group of forced migrants in the world are which of the following?

A) Syrian refugees
B) Internally displaced people
C) Internationally displaced people
D) Asylum seekers
E) Forced labour refugees

Question 10

IDPs refers to people who are ____________.

A) are forced to work within their own country because of conflict, persecution, or natural disaster
B) are displaced from their own country because of conflict, persecution, or natural disaster
C) are displaced within their own country because of conflict, persecution, or natural disaster
D) asylum seekers
E) all kinds of immigrants

Question 11

People who are outside of their country of origin, waiting to be recognized as refugees are known as _____________.

A) IDPs
B) forced labour immigrants
C) refugees
D) asylum seekers
E) immigrants

Question 12

In 2018 there were approximately _____________ asylum seekers in the world.

A) 4.2 million
B) 3.5 million
C) 6.3 million
D) under 1 million
E) over 10 million

Question 13

People who have abandoned their homes due to the consequences of climate change are victims of which of the following?

A) forced labour immigration
B) international conflicts
C) international climate displacement
D) border crossings
E) illegal immigration

Question 14

Advocates for development as a bottom-up, community-driven process ____________.

A) see great promise in the approach of the Global Compact on Refugees
B) raise concerns about the interests behind the Global Compact on Refugees
C) see great promise in the interests behind the Global Compact on Refugees
D) see great promise in markets as drivers of development
E) engage with efforts to link humanitarian efforts with development

Question 15

The UN Human Rights Committee ruled that individuals who flee to another country due to an immediate threat to their life resulting from climate change ____________.

A) be forced to return to their own countries
B) work legally in host countries
C) find legal asylum
D) be detained after the climate event has passed
E) All of the above

Question 16

As many as 200 million people may be displaced by climate change by which of the following?

A) 2100
B) 2050
C) 2021
D) 2030
E) 2045

Question 17

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees states in Article 17 that ____________.

A) Contracting States shall, "as far as possible," facilitate the process for refugees to apply for citizenship
B) refugees have the right to move freely within a country and chose their place of residence
C) refugees have the right to engage in self-employment in areas such as industry
D) refugees have the right to engage in self-employment in areas such as agriculture
E) refugees have the right to engage in wage-earning employment

Question 18

Economic inclusion could lead to legal inclusion as refugees would ____________.

A) be given citizenship
B) be given asylum
C) be given a place to stay within refugee camps
D) be able to move freely in the host country
E) All of the above

Question 19

Refugees with disabilities and elderly refugees ___________.

A) lack protection because of their positionality
B) lack protection because they cannot enter the workforce
C) lack protection because they can return to their countries of origin
D) can enter the workforce with no major obstacles
E) None of the above

Question 20

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was seen by the Global South as reflecting which of the following?

A) A significant milestone in the relationship between refugees and development
B) A Eurocentric administration of refugees
C) A Eurocentric definition of refugees
D) A Eurocentric view of asylum seekers
E) A first step towards protecting internally displaced people

Question 21

The 1969 Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa includes the 1951 Convention definition, plus an additional provision that includes _________________ in the term refugee.

A) refugees with disabilities
B) the right for employment
C) economic inclusion
D) external aggression, occupation, foreign domination, or events seriously disturbing public order in either a part or the whole of their country of origin or nationality
E) elderly refugees

Question 22

Latin American states agreed on the ________ Cartegena Declaration on Refugees.

A) 1951
B) 1969
C) 1918
D) 1980
E) 1984

Question 23

When Tanzania gained its independence in 1961, it was already hosting refugees from neighboring ____________.

A) Kenya
B) Burundi
C) Rwanda
D) Uganda
E) Malawi

Question 24

Tanzania's approach to refugees was known as ____________.

A) refugee asylum
B) refugee self-reliance
C) refugee permanence
D) refugee socialism
E) refugee placement

Question 25

In Tanzania, settlements were established for __________________ along the same principles as ujamaa villages.

A) Burundians
B) Rwandans
C) recent immigrants
D) Rwandan and Burundian refugees
E) all refugees

Question 26

Tanzania hoped that the presence of refugees could help _____________.

A) attract resources from other countries to their own
B) develop remote border regions
C) develop a stronger political system
D) develop self-reliance of refugees
E) use more forced labour

Question 27

The end of superpower rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in which of the following?

A) The abandonment of the ujamaa system
B) An increase in the number of refugees
C) A dramatic decrease in the number of refugees
D) Prevented the arrival of refugees on their territory and sought to contain refugees in the Global South
E) The conditions that caused refugees to flee countries of origin

Question 28

After the Cold War, faced with large and protracted refugee situations, coupled with their own governance and development challenges, ____________.

A) refugees returned to their countries of origin
B) states in the Global South began placing restrictions on the rights of refugees
C) states in the Global North began restricting the arrival of refugees and sought to contain refugees in the Global South
D) the United States began placing increased restrictions on the rights of refugees
E) Russia began placing increased restrictions on the rights of refugees

Question 29

DLI stands for ___________.

A) Development through Local Integration
B) Development through Local Immigration
C) Distance Local Integration
D) Development for Refugees through Local Integration
E) Development Assistance for Refugees

Question 30

Development Assistance for Refugees was intended for ______________.

A) integrated community development assistance for refugees
B) integrated community development assistance for local communities receiving refugees
C) the Convention plus initiative
D) permanent integration or citizenship for refugees
E) interim self-reliance for refugees without necessarily leading to citizenship

Question 31

DAR and DLI were largely which of the following?

A) Unlimited
B) Uncontrolled
C) Unsuccessful
D) Successful
E) Controversial

Question 32

From the late 2000s, _________________ began to look more closely at refugees, along with other categories of forced migrants, in a more systematic way.

A) The 1951 Convention
B) The Global South
C) The UN
D) The IMF
E) The World Bank

Question 33

In response to deteriorating asylum conditions in the Middle East in the early 2000s, ____________.

A) Syrian refugees began moving to the United States
B) Syrian refugees began moving to Europe
C) Syrian refugees began moving to Northern Africa
D) the number of forced labour immigrants from African countries increased
E) the number of refugees moving to Europe decreased

Question 34

In the Turkana region of northwest Kenya, the World Bank reported that the economic activity of refugees contributed ______________.

A) more than US$20 million to the local economy
B) less than US$50 million to the local economy
C) more than US$50 million to the local economy
D) approximately US$30 million to the local economy
E) more than US$50 million to the global economy

Question 35

Events in Europe in 2015 provided the most striking evidence of the historical success of two decades of efforts to contain refugees in their regions of origin.

Question 36

Deteriorating asylum conditions in the Middle East have forced thousands of refugees to move to Europe in the early 2000s.

Question 37

European responses to arrivals of refugees have been chaotic and uncoordinated.

Question 38

Thanks to mechanisms at the level of the European Union to foster cooperation, states in northern and eastern Europe sought to open their borders to refugees who had arrived in Italy and Greece.

Question 39

European centres for refugees lacked reliable access to shelter and sanitation, as well as the legal process to help refugees claim asylum.

Question 40

When Germany announced its willingness to accept all Syrian asylum seekers arriving on its territory, other countries in Europe followed its example.

Question 41

The United States convened a Congress session on Global Awareness of the Tragedies of Irregular Migrants in the Mediterranean Basin with Specific Emphasis on Syrian Asylum Seekers.

Question 42

The Global Awareness of the Tragedies of Irregular Migrants in the Mediterranean Basin with Specific Emphasis on Syrian Asylum Seekers has resulted in sweeping new commitments toward the global response to refugees.

Question 43

The report entitled "In Safety and Dignity," issued by the UN secretary-general (UNSG) made ambitious calls for more anti-refugee international cooperation among countries in the Global South.

Question 44

The report "In Safety and Dignity" calls on refugee-hosting states to allow refugees greater freedom of movement and economic rights.

Question 45

An agreement was unanimously endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly on 19 September 2016 in the form of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants to respond to the needs of refugees and the states that host them.

Question 46

Through the New York Declaration, member states of the United Nations committed to a new approach to respond to the needs of refugees and host communities, primarily by erasing the connections between humanitarian and development approaches.

Question 47

Soon after the New York Declaration, the World Bank announced a cut of US$2 billion initiative for refugees and host communities.

Question 48

The World Bank is now able to provide support to low- and middle-income countries hosting large refugee populations.

Question 49

According to the World Bank announcement, funding cannot recognize the challenge that some countries face in pursuing their own development goals while accommodating refugees.

Question 50

One example of where support from the World Bank has resulted in a new approach is in Israel, which hosts nearly 1 million refugees from Syria.

Question 51

Through the Jordan Compact, the government of Jordan has received support from the World Bank to develop Special Economic Zones.

Question 52

In Costa Rica, refugees can apply for permits to work in special economic zones, while goods produced in these zones can be imported into the European Union on preferential terms.

Question 53

The development of special economic zones leads to the commodification of refugees and can ultimately constrain the rights of refugees by relegating them to low-paid sectors of the economy.

Question 54

The New York Declaration also started the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), the Global Compact on Refugees.

Question 55

The new Global Compact on Refugees is intended to support the implementation of the principles of the New York Declaration.

Question 56

Pilots of the CRRF did not involve national committees of humanitarian and development actors developing joint programming to benefit both refugees and host communities. They only focused on humanitarianism.

Question 57

A key theme at the Global Refugee Forum was the need to exclude refugees in national and local development programs and create refugee camps with access to health and education.

Question 58

Approximately 80 per cent of the world's 71 million displaced persons are to be found in the Global South.

Question 59

The decision to grant refugee status to asylum seekers is the responsibility of governments.

Question 60

By the mid-1990s, 90 per cent of refugees in Africa lived in self-reliant settlements, in contrast to the 1970s when 90 per cent of refugees lived in refugee camps.

Question 61

With the support of key donor states, host states, and actors such as the World Bank, new models were developed in countries such as Jordan to avoid the influx of refugees from Syria.

Question 62

There have been concerns about the spread of the COVID-19 among densely populated refugee camps and urban areas, so state responses on the well-being of refugees have been fast and effective.

Question 63

The shut-down of national economies because of COVID-19 has disproportionately affected refugees across the Global South.

Question 64

In the 1960s and 1970s, the presence of refugees was seen as an asset, as well as a way for development in peripheral regions of newly independent states to be promoted.

Question 65

Refugees are a consequence of the modern state system.

Question 66

What was the central focus of the first Global Refugee Forum?

Question 67

When was the first Global Refugee Forum held?

Question 68

What was the first important result of the first Global Refugee Forum?

Question 69

How recent is the link between refuges and development? Discuss one of the first references in the twentieth century.

Question 70

Why did the link between refugees and development become more complex in the 1980s and 1990s?

Question 71

What is the UN organization that deals with refugees and what challenges has it faced?

Question 72

Why was 2015 a turning point in relation to the connection between refugees and development?

Question 73

Discuss some examples of new approaches to the link between refugees and development after 2015.

Question 74

What has been the general impact of COVID-19 on the issue of refugees in the world?

Question 75

How did the creation of the modern nation state help shape the conceptualization of refugees?

Question 76

Describe the situation of refugees after World War II.

Question 77

What was the main objective of the UNHCR?

Question 78

What are the main components of the normative foundation of the global refugee regime?

Question 79

What is the proportion of refugees if taken into the realm of immigration?

Question 80

What are some of the reasons people are forced to move?