Deck 19: Rural Development

Question 1

Which of the following is true about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A) They have failed to explicitly acknowledge rural poverty.
B) They deal with the complexity of rural poverty through overlapping goals.
C) They are the most successful attempts to deal with food scarcity.
D) They root their development programs in a basic understanding of the urban/rural divide.
E) They took great effort to bring small farmers in as stakeholders.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The 2008 spike in food prices resulted in which of the following?

A) Political protests against the rising costs of food and oil
B) Food riots
C) Increased livelihoods for most rural communities and farmers
D) Dominance of farmers in economic development
E) All of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following might be recognizable as "rural"?

A) Forests
B) Farmlands
C) Mountain villages
D) Savannas
E) All of the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is true about official development assistance targeting the rural sector?

A) It has continually increased in recent years and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future.
B) While it has increased since the 2008 food crisis, it remains far below past benchmarks.
C) It has stagnated in recent years, fluctuating one or two per cent up or down at most.
D) It has become increasingly tied to performance indicators.
E) It is non-existent.

Question 5

The 2008 food price crisis was linked to which of the following?

A) Population control measures
B) World Bank restrictions
C) Rapidly rising oil prices
D) Decreasing demand for agricultural products
E) Poor soil quality

Question 6

For national statistics services, urban populations are distinguished from rural ones based on which threshold levels?

A) Non-agricultural production
B) Population
C) Number of children per household
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is an enduring material feature of "rurality"?

A) A relative abundance of natural capital
B) An objective degree of poverty
C) A durable trend towards urban migration
D) A stable set of class structures
E) An enduring lack of plenty

Question 8

Agricultural-based countries are where a contribution of agriculture to overall GDP growth is greater than 20 per cent and __________________.

A) an absence of sustained rural poverty
B) a relative balance between rural and urban societies
C) less than a 10 per cent urban migration
D) a strong presence of traditional authority
E) where rural poverty accounts for at least 60 per cent

Question 9

Which term refers to the social and material capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living?

A) Productivity
B) Well-being
C) Livelihood
D) Quality of life
E) Peasantry

Question 10

What would be the result if it could be shown that the "rural poor" were also "small farmers"?

A) It could be demonstrated that urban growth has come at the expense of rural growth.
B) Growth and equity concerns could be addressed in a single strategy of rural development.
C) Rural livelihoods could be causally linked to diversity.
D) The practice of "sharecropping" could be utilized to share risk.
E) Poverty could be linked to the hierarchical nature of land ownership.

Question 11

According to Malthus, which of the following was the ultimate constraint against population growth in early nineteenth-century Europe?

A) Insufficient technology
B) Disease
C) Poverty
D) Insufficient agricultural production
E) Land

Question 12

According to Marx, _____________ powers economic growth?

A) population growth
B) exogenous technological change
C) localized technological change
D) the streamlining of agricultural production
E) intensification

Question 13

Implementation of the "community development" approach tends to _________________.

A) polarize the social classes
B) accelerate agricultural development
C) create a new and large bureaucracy
D) streamline agricultural development
E) underestimate the importance of national governments

Question 14

Why was integrated rural development appealing to the World Bank?

A) It was thought to be more effective than piecemeal projects.
B) It ensured that funding would be directed to those who were most in need.
C) It combated the tendency for funding allocation to be politically motivated.
D) It targeted the most vulnerable members of society.
E) Piecemeal development had been successful elsewhere.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about "high-yielding" varieties of staple crops?

A) They allow farmers to buy seeds on a one-time basis.
B) They perform well under most conditions and are, therefore, indispensable to resource-poor farmers.
C) They are necessary to feed the world.
D) They are outperformed by traditional varieties under the prevailing conditions of most resource-poor farmers.
E) They are largely unavailable in the developing world.

Question 16

Participatory rural appraisal stresses the importance of which of the following?

A) Allowing everyone to participate in the decision-making process
B) Putting environmental concerns over economic ones
C) Sustainable development initiatives
D) Putting farmers first
E) Input from Northern experts on rural development projects

Question 17

Chambers's work on the multiple realities of rural poverty shows rural poverty is an outcome of not only financial and nutritional poverty but also ______________.

A) one's exclusion from political and institutional processes
B) one's exclusion from global markets
C) one's relationship to corporate power
D) one's exclusion in accessing people's rights
E) one's exclusion from agricultural technology

Question 18

Unlike the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, what does a Sustainable Livelihoods approach do?

A) Focuses only on protecting and promoting subsistence farming
B) Argues that all rural poor are farmers first
C) Promotes industrialization in rural areas
D) Challenges the assumption that all rural poor are farmers
E) Adopts a "farming first" mentality

Question 19

How do cash crops potentially disrupt traditional gender roles in the Global South?

A) Cash crops require significantly more labour, which falls on women and children.
B) Cash crops create tension within village power structures.
C) While farming is often "women's work," cash crops are often appropriated by men.
D) While farming is a familial enterprise, cash crops are dominated by child labour.
E) Cash crops reinforce traditional gender roles in the Global South.

Question 20

Why is the gulf between rural and urban experiences widening?

A) Population and wealth grew more concentrated in urban areas
B) Due to the growth of the world population
C) Due to the growth of rurality
D) Wealth concentrated in the richest 1 per cent
E) Rural areas are less developed

Question 21

Why has the political order struggled to reconcile rural and urban priorities?

A) Globalization
B) Climate change
C) Corruption
D) The very different rural encounter with global challenges
E) Rural areas are less developed

Question 22

Where does the large majority of extremely poor people live?

A) In cities
B) In rural areas
C) In rural areas as well as in cities
D) Coastal cities
E) Asia

Question 23

How has development assistance for rural sectors declined?

A) The AFF's share of ODA in 2018 was 5.1 per cent, much less than the 17 per cent share it held in the early 1980s
B) The AFF's share of ODA in 2018 was 17.1 per cent, much less than the 20 per cent share it held in the early 1980s
C) The AFF's share of ODA in 2018 was 5.1 per cent, much less than the 17 per cent share it held in the early 2000s
D) The AFF's share of ODA in 2000 was 5.1 per cent, much less than the 17 per cent share it held in the early 1980s
E) It has not

Question 24

Which of the following is on outcome of multi-locationality?

A) Blurring the boundaries between rural and urban identities
B) Boosting the importance of remittance income from migrants as a force in rural development
C) Increasing national investment and international development assistance for rural development
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 25

Rural communities and farmers do not benefit from rising commodity prices because ____________.

A) they do not use technology
B) they should go to big cities
C) the costs of selling outputs are also very high
D) the costs of purchased inputs are not high
E) the costs of purchased inputs are also very high

Question 26

What is the consequence of our reliance on capital-intensive, high-input, globalized agriculture?

A) Development theories
B) Pressure on soil, water, non-renewable energy sources, and land
C) Globalization
D) Urban poverty
E) Belts of rural poverty

Question 27

In the wake of the 2008-12 crisis, how does donor policy incoherence affect agricultural trade policy?

A) They have been used only for building infrastructure
B) They have become corrupted
C) It undermines the MNOs efforts to improve smallholder productivity, rural livelihoods, or gender equity
D) It improves smallholder productivity, rural livelihoods, or gender equity but not enough
E) It undermines broader-based efforts to improve smallholder productivity, rural livelihoods, or gender equity

Question 28

Why are issues about rural development or food security not important to policy agendas?

A) The lack of international agreements
B) Globalization
C) Climate change
D) The abundance of fast wins
E) The lack of easy wins

Question 29

What are the important issues on policy agendas instead of rural development or food security?

A) International fair trade
B) Labour or trade or to increasingly urgent topics like climate
C) Rural-urban gaps
D) Rurality
E) None of the above

Question 30

How can the apparently obvious division between rural and urban be described?

A) Amenable
B) As quite ambiguous
C) Equilibrated
D) Advanced
E) Promising

Question 31

Official development assistance is now more frequently targeted towards rural areas.

Question 32

It appears that the 2008 food crisis was a fluke and it is not likely to recur.

Question 33

The SDGs are an example of how rural poverty has been overlooked by development policy.

Question 34

China and India's grain consumption was a key cause of the 2008 food crisis.

Question 35

The relative isolation of rurality is a function of its lack of infrastructure.

Question 36

Recognizing heterogeneity within countries has important implications for equitable rural development and change.

Question 37

Livelihood analysis is based on the relationship between capital and context.

Question 38

The first incidence of restructuring rural communities is traced to the onset of the development era.

Question 39

According to Boserup, the innate "conservatism" of many rural dwellers prevents them from adopting new technologies.

Question 40

According to Schultz, traditional, small farmers could lead rural development with the right tools.

Question 41

The "community development" approach guided the US's development assistance programs in the 1950s.

Question 42

Global data evidences that in some instances "small" farms can be more productive than "large farms."

Question 43

The Green Revolution was a social movement designed to bring awareness to environmental issues.

Question 44

Rural reconstruction in pre-independence India demonstrated the possibility of local initiative.

Question 45

Participatory rural appraisal rejects top-down development strategies.

Question 46

Participatory rural appraisal is thought to establish strong ties with macro policy-making environments.

Question 47

The sustainable livelihoods approach to rural poverty reflects the multiple realities of rural poverty.

Question 48

The sustainable livelihoods approach to rural poverty focuses on "putting farmers first."

Question 49

The rural poor are all "small farmers."

Question 50

Just because the rural poor are engaged in farming does not mean they are interested in investing in means to improve their farms with new technologies.

Question 51

The sustainable livelihoods approach to rural poverty is useful for examining household power dynamics.

Question 52

The apparently ambiguous categorical divisions between "rural" and "urban" (or "local" and "global") may actually be quite obvious.

Question 53

National statistical services distinguish an urban area as typically containing a certain non-agricultural production base.

Question 54

National statistical services often define rural areas against urban areas as simply "not-urban."

Question 55

World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization hesitate to present aggregated data as if "rural" meant the same thing in all places.

Question 56

The lack of diversity of livelihoods found in rural areas distorts the notions that differentiate the urban from the not-urban.

Question 57

Rurality can be distinguished in terms of a relative abundance of natural capital.

Question 58

Rurality cannot be distinguished in terms of a relative isolation

Question 59

A "livelihood" partly represents the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living only if applicable to specific kinds of rurality.

Question 60

The concept of sustainable livelihoods is particularly relevant to the rural context, where, for example, the seasonal fluctuations of climate drive the viability of different activities.

Question 61

Livelihood analysis leaves out how different types of capital are combined in a particular context.

Question 62

Population growth, urbanization, education, global climatie change, and structural adjustment do not play a role in activities geared toward making a secure livelihood.

Question 63

Discuss some of the responses to the 2008 food crisis.

Question 64

What are the four enduring material features of rurality?

Question 65

How does the World Bank categorize "rural worlds"?

Question 66

Describe the "sustainable livelihoods" approach to rural poverty and discuss its potential shortcomings.

Question 67

What is unique about Ester Boserup's analysis of rural transformation?

Question 68

Briefly describe the viewpoints of Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and Ester Boserup.

Question 69

How does Schultz view traditional small farmers and how did this shape rural development at the time?

Question 70

Briefly describe the two paradigm shifts in rural development thinking over the past 50 years.

Question 71

Describe the community development approach.

Question 72

Discuss the "integrated rural development" approach to change.

Question 73

Discuss the criticisms of the Green Revolution.

Question 74

What is Participatory Rural Appraisal?

Question 75

How do Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers impact rural poverty?

Question 76

Discuss the gender dimensions of household livelihoods.

Question 77

What are three problems with depicting rural development as synonymous with agricultural development?

Question 78

Why is it dangerous to equate agricultural development with rural development?

Question 79

Explain the phenomenon of "multi-locational households" and its implications.

Question 80

Why was the idea of an unending era of cheap food delusional?