Deck 2: Adolescents in Theoretical Context

Question 1

According to Freud,adolescents are in the ________ stage of development.

A) anal
B) genital
C) latency
D) phallic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following personality traits is NOT one that Freud ascribed to the Electra Complex and its resulting weak identification?

A) Excessive modesty
B) High level of aggression
C) Low level of morality
D) Lack of sex drive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Freud,during which period do children gain pleasure from examining their own sex organs?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Phallic

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Freud,in which stage are children's sexual drives temporarily squelched?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Phallic

Question 5

Which scientist inspired G.Stanley Hall?

A) Arnold Gesell
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Charles Darwin
D) Erik Erikson

Question 6

The "father of adolescent psychology" is:

A) Arnold Gesell.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) G. Stanley Hall.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Gesell's view of development?

A) Good parenting will help adolescents overcome difficulties.
B) Genes determine developmental trends.
C) Acculturation can never transcend maturation.
D) Development can be viewed as an upward spiral.

Question 8

Who was the Viennese physician who invented psychoanalysis?

A) Arnold Gesell
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) G. Stanley Hall

Question 9

The phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" means:

A) all species have essentially the same evolutionary development.
B) an individual's development is similar to the evolutionary development of its species.
C) a species' development mirrors the development of each of the individuals in that species.
D) species develop through the survival of the fittest.

Question 10

The phrase sturm und drang reflects Hall's idea that:

A) adolescence is a time of emotional instability.
B) parents find it highly stressful having adolescent children.
C) adolescence is "the calm before the storm."
D) an individual's growth mirrors the evolutionary development of its species.

Question 11

Marcel's source of pleasure has shifted from himself to others and he's most interested in developing same-sex friendships.According to Freud,in what stage is Marcel?

A) Anal
B) Phallic
C) Genital
D) Latency

Question 12

Five-year-old Leesa has discovered her genitals and sometimes masturbates.According to Freud,what stage of development is she experiencing?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Phallic
D) Oral

Question 13

According to Freud,in which of the following stages does a child take the most pleasure in the elimination of solid wastes?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Oral

Question 14

According to Freud,a 3-year-old is in what stage of development?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Oral

Question 15

Which of the following is a main criticism that Gesell received for his theory?

A) He only studied boys' development.
B) He only studied the development of children with high SES.
C) He only studied girls' development.
D) He only studied the development of children with low SES.

Question 16

The first person to take a scientific approach to the study of adolescence was:

A) Arnold Gesell.
B) Margaret Mead.
C) G. Stanley Hall.
D) Erik Erikson.

Question 17

All of the following are stages in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT:

A) anal.
B) genital.
C) latency.
D) sexual.

Question 18

A biological view of adolescence emphasizes:

A) genetic factors.
B) evolutionary history.
C) sexual maturation.
D) all of the above

Question 19

Arnold Gesell was whose student?

A) G. Stanley Hall's
B) Sigmund Freud's
C) Charles Darwin's
D) Erik Erikson's

Question 20

Joanne is breastfeeding her 6-month-old daughter.According to Freud,which stage is Joanne's daughter experiencing?

A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Oral

Question 21

Erik Erikson believed that the overall task of the individual is to acquire a:

A) balance among the three aspects of the personality.
B) positive ego identity.
C) resistance to the negative effects of culture.
D) self-actualizing career.

Question 22

What is Freud's term for a young child adopting the beliefs,values,and behaviors of the same-sex parent?

A) Individuation
B) Identification
C) Object finding
D) Autonomy

Question 23

According to Anna Freud,which period of life shares the most similarity with puberty,in terms of the instinctual forces exhibited?

A) Infancy
B) Toddlerhood
C) Preschool age
D) Middle adulthood

Question 24

Unlike Freud,Erikson believed that ____________ was the driving force behind much of behavior.

A) the id
B) identification
C) the superego
D) the ego

Question 25

According to Freud,which of the following enforces moral restrictions?

A) Identity
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Superego

Question 26

Which of the following,according to Freud,is generally the evaluative,reasoning power of the individual?

A) Id
B) Superego
C) Identity
D) Ego

Question 27

According to Erikson,trust vs.mistrust is the stage for what age group?

A) Toddlers
B) Grade schoolers
C) Preschoolers
D) Infants

Question 28

Six-year-old Tanisha is attracted to her father and hostile toward her mother.At the same time,according to Freud,she is likely to experience:

A) the Oedipal complex.
B) individuation.
C) penis envy.
D) all of the above

Question 29

Defense mechanisms are:

A) realistic strategies used by the superego to protect itself.
B) unrealistic strategies used by the id to gain pleasure.
C) unrealistic strategies used by the ego to deal with tension.
D) realistic strategies used by the ego to gain pleasure.

Question 30

Mei-Chin is thinking about cheating on her exam,but she knows that it's morally wrong and therefore she doesn't.According to Freud,what part of her mind told her it was wrong to cheat?

A) Identity
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Superego

Question 31

According to Freud,individuation occurs when:

A) children take on the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the same-sex parent.
B) adolescents get rid of hostility and become emotionally closer to parents.
C) children realize that their individual needs are not the same as others' needs.
D) adolescents break emotional bonds to parents and become independent.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about Freud's and Erikson's theories is TRUE?

A) Erikson focuses on psychosocial development, whereas Freud focuses on psychosexual development.
B) The id, ego, and superego are part of Freud's theory, but not Erikson's.
C) Erikson believed the id is the driving force behind much of behavior, whereas Freud believed that the ego is the driving force.
D) all of the above

Question 33

Karuna is six months old.According to Erikson,in which stage is she?

A) Initiative vs. guilt
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Trust vs. mistrust
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 34

According to Freud,a boy in the phallic stage who becomes jealous of his mother's attention to his father is experiencing:

A) the castration complex.
B) the Electra complex.
C) the Oedipal complex.
D) penis envy.

Question 35

In Erikson's theory,during what stage is the individual attempting to work hard and accomplish tasks?

A) Initiative vs. guilt
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Trust vs. mistrust
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's theory?

A) He stereotyped women as weak and inferior to men.
B) He viewed people as essentially selfish and hostile.
C) He downplayed the importance of early experiences.
D) He overemphasized the importance of sexual urges in controlling behavior.

Question 37

According to Erikson,industry vs.inferiority is the stage for what age group?

A) Toddlers
B) Grade schoolers
C) Preschoolers
D) Infants

Question 38

Mohammed is five years old and is afraid that his father will try to hurt him to keep him away from his mother.According to Freud,what will Mohammed engage in to reduce his anxiety?

A) The Oedipal complex
B) Castration anxiety
C) Individuation
D) Identification

Question 39

Roger is a rebellious,angry teenager who does what he wants,no matter how much he hurts others.According to Freud,which of the following is being exhibited?

A) Identification
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Superego

Question 40

Anna Freud believed that in order to win the id-ego-superego battle,the ________ employs a number of defense mechanisms.

A) identity
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 41

The process or act of knowing is called:

A) accommodation.
B) cognition.
C) assimilation. .
D) equilibrium.

Question 42

According to Piaget,a schema is a:

A) plan of action that an individual develops.
B) behavior carried out after reasoning has taken place.
C) mental structure an individual uses to deal with the environment.
D) balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Question 43

According to Erikson,identity vs.diffusion is the stage for what age group?

A) Adolescents
B) Young adults
C) Grade schoolers
D) Toddlers

Question 44

According to Erikson,generativity vs.stagnation is the stage for what age group?

A) Adolescents
B) Young adults
C) Elderly adults
D) Middle-aged adults

Question 45

Psychosocial moratorium refers to:

A) an arrest in identity development.
B) the period during which the individual finds a niche in society.
C) the mourning period after a parent dies.
D) the list of social sanctions that apply to adolescents.

Question 46

According to Erik Erikson,one may have an identity crisis during which of the following stages?

A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) any of the above

Question 47

Kia is in a stage of Erikson's theory where she is curious and has energy to explore.In what stage is she?

A) Initiative vs. guilt
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Trust vs. mistrust
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 48

Piaget disagreed with Binet about:

A) how many stages of cognitive development there are.
B) the process of assimilation.
C) the idea that intelligence is innate.
D) the developmental trajectory of mental operations.

Question 49

Which of the following is the term Piaget used to describe a mental structure individuals use to deal with the environment?

A) Schema
B) Equilibrium
C) Assimilation
D) Symbol

Question 50

Why is Piaget often described as an "organismic psychologist"?

A) He studied many different organisms, not just humans.
B) He viewed the mind as analogous to a living organism.
C) He studied the cognitive development of children.
D) He viewed brain maturation as an important part of cognitive development.

Question 51

According to Erik Erikson,an identity crisis during adolescence:

A) is normal.
B) should be avoided.
C) leads to mental illness.
D) is normal only for males.

Question 52

According to Erikson,intimacy vs.isolation is the stage for what age group?

A) Adolescents
B) Young adults
C) Middle-aged adults
D) Elderly adults

Question 53

Lyle is an adolescent.According to Erikson,in which stage is he?

A) Initiative vs. guilt
B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) Identity vs. diffusion
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 54

George is looking back at his life and realizing that,overall,it was a good life and he'll have nothing to regret when he dies.According to Erikson,he is most likely in what stage?

A) Intimacy vs. isolation
B) Ego integrity vs. despair
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 55

According to Erikson,ego integrity vs.despair is the stage for what age group?

A) Adolescents
B) Young adults
C) Middle-aged adults
D) Elderly adults

Question 56

Akiko is having difficulty finding a way to give to others in a meaningful way.According to Erikson,she is likely in what stage?

A) Initiative vs. guilt
B) Ego integrity vs. despair
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 57

What is the term that describes a new stage of life between adolescence and adulthood?

A) Post-adolescence
B) Pre-adulthood
C) Adolescent progression
D) Emerging adulthood

Question 58

Jasmine is struggling with developing close,meaningful relationships and finds that she is very lonely.According to Erikson,she is likely in what stage?

A) Intimacy vs. isolation
B) Ego integrity vs. despair
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Industry vs. inferiority

Question 59

Eighteen-year-old Jacob is trying many different roles but hasn't yet committed to one.According to Erikson,this is:

A) psychological stagnation.
B) psychological momentum.
C) psychological moratorium.
D) psychological isolation.

Question 60

According to Erikson,identity formation ________ with adolescence.

A) begins
B) ends
C) both begins and ends
D) neither begins nor ends

Question 61

Thomas has a concept of what college is.Once he enrolls in college,he finds that he needs to add a lot of new information into his concept.This illustrates Piaget's idea of:

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) disequilibrium.
D) conservation.

Question 62

According to Bandura,when children imitate the behavior of someone whom they see get rewarded,what kind of reinforcement has taken place?

A) Intermittent
B) Primary
C) Self
D) Vicarious

Question 63

Erikson's industry vs.inferiority stage corresponds to which of Freud's stages?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a stage that occurs during adolescence?

A) Formal operational
B) Societal perspective-taking
C) Genital
D) Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 65

Albert Bandura and others have shown that children who watch violence on TV then become more aggressive toward others afterward.This best illustrates the concept of:

A) modeling.
B) punishment.
C) self-reinforcement.
D) social cognition.

Question 66

According to Piaget,when there is dissonance between reality and an individual's comprehension of it,this results in:

A) disequilibrium.
B) preoperational thought.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) inductive reasoning.

Question 67

Betsy is a very introspective child and is able to use deductive reasoning.According to Piaget,she is most likely in which stage?

A) Formal operational
B) Concrete operational
C) Preoperational
D) Sensorimotor

Question 68

For Piaget,accommodation and assimilation are both aspects of:

A) adaptation.
B) disequilibrium.
C) equilibrium.
D) organization.

Question 69

According to Piaget's theory,what becomes the motivation that pushes children through the stages of cognitive development?

A) A need for assimilation
B) An understanding of conservation
C) A dislike of accommodation
D) A desire for equilibrium

Question 70

Scaffolding refers to:

A) showing children how to achieve a task by having them model the teacher.
B) helping a child, but then taking away the help once the task can be done alone.
C) putting children of the same ability in groups so that they work together.
D) allowing children to explore and experiment on their own to complete a task.

Question 71

Jill learns that a monarch is a kind of butterfly,not a bird as she had first thought.This complete change in her concept of a monarch illustrates Piaget's idea of:

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) equilibrium.
D) conservation.

Question 72

According to Piaget,incorporating information into existing mental structures is called:

A) equilibrium.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) disequilibrium.

Question 73

Kyra skateboards because it makes her feel proud and satisfied.According to Bandura,what kind of reinforcement has taken place?

A) Intermittent
B) Primary
C) Self
D) Vicarious

Question 74

According to Piaget,which of the following stages begins in adolescence?

A) Concrete operational
B) Formal operational
C) Preoperational
D) Sensorimotor

Question 75

According to Piaget,during the first two years of life a child is in what stage?

A) Preoperational
B) Formal operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operational

Question 76

Which of the following statements about Piaget and Vygotsky is TRUE?

A) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed cognitive development occurs through social interaction.
B) Unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that cognitive development occurs through social interaction.
C) Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that social interaction is needed for cognitive development.
D) Neither Piaget nor Vygotsky believed that social interaction is needed for cognitive development.

Question 77

Ali understands that an object can belong to more than one category; however,he still has trouble thinking in abstract terms.According to Piaget,Ali is most likely in which stage?

A) Preoperational
B) Formal operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operational

Question 78

Jenna can think symbolically,but not logically.According to Piaget,in what stage is she?

A) Preoperational
B) Formal operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operational

Question 79

Piaget defined accommodation as:

A) achieving a balance between equilibrium and disequilibrium.
B) integrating new information into one's existing mental structure.
C) creating a new mental structure to adjust to new information.
D) learning to use symbols to represent the environment.

Question 80

The zone of proximal development refers to:

A) one's range of IQ scores.
B) obtainable learning tasks.
C) social development.
D) all of the above