Deck 3: Classical Conditioning: Foundations

Question 1

Object learning involves making an association between which of the following?

A) any two naturally occurring stimuli
B) the same feature of two objects
C) different features of the same object
D) an arbitrary stimulus and a biologically relevant stimulus

Answer 1

C

Question 2

There has been a renewed interest in human eyeblink conditioning because of which choice below?

A) Animals are expensive to maintain.
B) Progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological substrate of this type of learning.
C) We understand so little about this type of learning.
D) It is a very complex behavior that we can easily observe.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A rat makes 30 responses during the CS period.During the same duration pre-CS period the rat made 60 responses.The suppression ratio is ________.

A) 0.0
B) 0.33
C) 0.5
D) 0.66

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In eyeblink conditioning,the US information is conveyed in the cerebellum via

A) mossy fibers.
B) auditory neurons.
C) climbing fibers.
D) pontine neurons.

Question 5

After giving your cat fish-shaped treats time and time again,you notice the cat begins to salivate at the sight of the fish-shaped snack.This is an example of

A) differential learning.
B) sequential learning.
C) taste aversion learning.
D) object learning.

Question 6

The suppression ratio equals ________.

A) CS responding / (CS responding + pre-CS responding)
B) CS responding / pre-CS responding
C) pre-CS responding / (CS responding + pre-CS responding)
D) pre-CS responding / CS responding

Question 7

Why are rabbits frequently used in eyeblink conditioning experiments?

A) Their visual system is very similar to that of humans.
B) Like humans, they frequently blink to wet the cornea.
C) Like humans, they frequently blink to reduce the load on the retina.
D) They rarely blink.

Question 8

A hungry rat is exposed to a red light,followed by brief access to food.After several such trials,the rat approaches the light bulb when it is illuminated.In this example,the light is

A) an unconditional stimulus.
B) a conditional stimulus.
C) an unconditional response.
D) a conditional response.

Question 9

The essential circuits for eyeblink conditioning appear to be located in the

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 10

Pavlov's study of classical conditioning began as an extension of his work on

A) digestion.
B) pain.
C) the auditory system.
D) the knee-jerk reflex.

Question 11

Decreasing suppression ratios indicates which of the following?

A) increasing fear
B) decreasing fear
C) less pre-CS responding
D) more CS responding

Question 12

Pavlov supplemented the funds for his laboratory by which of the following?

A) training dogs for the upper class
B) selling stomach juice
C) teaching pitch recognition
D) inserting fistulas into obese individuals

Question 13

No fear is indicated by a suppression ratio of ________.

A) < 0.0
B) 0.0
C) .5
D) 1.0

Question 14

Which of the following best describes eyeblink conditioning?

A) rapid and sure to elicit a CR
B) rapid and results in a CR being produced on many but not all trials
C) slow but sure to elicit a CR
D) slow and results in a CR being produced on many but not all trials

Question 15

Conditional Stimulus is to Unconditional Stimulus as

A) unlearned is to learned.
B) eliciting stimulus is to orienting stimulus.
C) trained is to untrained.
D) independent is to dependent.

Question 16

The greatest amount of fear is indicated by a suppression ratio of ________.

A) < 0.0
B) 0.0
C) .5
D) 1.0

Question 17

The _____ is necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning; the _____ is necessary if there is a trace.

A) hippocampus; cerebellum
B) frontal cortex; cerebellum
C) cerebellum; hippocampus
D) cerebellum; frontal cortex

Question 18

A rat is trained to press a lever for a small amount of food.While pressing the lever at a steady rate,the rat is presented with a tone-light stimulus that had been previously paired with foot-shock.When the tone-light stimulus is on,the rat decreases its rate of lever pressing.This decrease is an example of

A) sign tracking.
B) conditioned suppression.
C) conditioned repression.
D) unconditioned fear responding.

Question 19

In eyeblink conditioning,the CS information is conveyed in the cerebellum via which of the following?

A) climbing fibers
B) mossy fibers
C) cranial motor neurons
D) olivary neurons

Question 20

The cells that act as "teachers" selecting the connections to be modified in the cerebellum due to eyeblink conditioning are which of the following?

A) the climbing fibers
B) the mossy fibers
C) the cells of the red nucleus
D) the cells of the hippocampus

Question 21

A rat is exposed to a three-second red-light stimulus.A short while later,a food pellet is delivered to the rat.This is an example of

A) short-delayed conditioning.
B) trace conditioning.
C) backward conditioning.
D) long-delayed conditioning.

Question 22

The most successful control procedure in classical conditioning is

A) pseudo-conditioning.
B) sensitization.
C) random control.
D) explicitly unpaired control.

Question 23

One group of rats receives a standard CS-US pairing on each trial.A second group of rats receives CS and US presentations at varying times and intervals such that the total number of CS and US exposures is equal to that of the first group.The second group is which of the following?

A) a random control group
B) a sensitization group
C) a pseudo-conditioning group
D) an explicitly unpaired control group

Question 24

The most frequently used procedure for Pavlovian conditioning is

A) trace conditioning.
B) simultaneous conditioning.
C) short-delayed conditioning.
D) long-delayed conditioning.

Question 25

You wish to train your cat to salivate at the sound of a tone.You are most likely to get the best results with which procedure?

A) trace conditioning
B) short-delayed conditioning
C) long-delayed conditioning
D) simultaneous conditioning

Question 26

In order for sign tracking to occur,which of the following must be true?

A) The food must be available for only a short time.
B) The CS and the US should be presented at random intervals in relation to each other.
C) The CS must be of proper modality and configuration.
D) Visual CS must be accompanied by auditory stimuli.

Question 27

Instances in which exposure to the US is sufficient to create CR-like responses to the CS are called

A) pseudo-conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) pseudo-habituation.
D) Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 28

Which of the following CS-US intervals produces the strongest taste aversion learning?

A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 18 hours
D) > 18 hours

Question 29

The interstimulus interval is usually _____ the intertrial interval.

A) the same as
B) shorter than
C) longer than
D) not determined in any way by

Question 30

Taste aversion learning can occur under which of the following circumstances?

A) after just one CS-US pairing
B) only if the subject is hungry
C) only with very long delays between the CS and US
D) only with tastes the subject knows well

Question 31

A buzzer sounds every time food is made available for a pigeon.The buzzer starts when food is in the hopper,and stops when food is removed.The food is available for 3 minutes.This is an example of

A) short-delayed conditioning.
B) long-delayed conditioning.
C) backward conditioning.
D) simultaneous conditioning.

Question 32

A test trial in classical conditioning consists of presenting which of the following?

A) the CS alone
B) the US alone
C) the CS and US in reverse order
D) neither the CS nor the US

Question 33

Which of the following is not true of sign tracking?

A) The subject need not do anything to receive the US.
B) Learning proceeds most rapidly when the CS is presented just before the US.
C) Subjects will approach the CS even if the CS and the US are presented at random times in relation to each other.
D) Sign tracking has been demonstrated in a variety of species, including human children.

Question 34

In order for food to be presented in an autoshaping procedure,the pigeon must do which of the following?

A) approach the food hopper before the food is delivered
B) approach the signal light before the food is delivered
C) avoid the signal light until after the food is delivered
D) There are no requirements for the pigeon.

Question 35

Surveys of human eating behavior suggest which of the following?

A) If you know that a food did not cause your illness, you will not form a taste aversion.
B) Even if you are certain that a food did not cause your illness, you are likely to develop an aversion to the taste of that food.
C) If you are made aware of the mechanisms of taste aversion conditioning, your behavior becomes more rational.
D) It usually takes more than one exposure to an illness-producing food for an aversion to develop in humans.

Question 36

Which of the following best describes the "trace interval" in trace conditioning?

A) the time between the start of the CS and the end of the US
B) the time between the start of the CS and the start of the US
C) the time between the end of the CS and the end of the US
D) the time between the end of the CS and the start of the US

Question 37

The interstimulus interval refers to which of the following time periods?

A) between the start of the CS and the end of the US
B) between the start of the CS and the start of the US
C) between the end of the CS and the start of the US
D) between the end of the US and start of the next CS

Question 38

Which of the following is not a measure of conditioned responding?

A) counting the number of drops of saliva elicited by a bell tone
B) counting the number of lever presses made to receive food
C) counting how often a rabbit blinks when a tone sounds
D) counting the time that elapses between presentation of a tone and a rabbit's eyeblink

Question 39

Which of the following best describes backward conditioning?

A) The US follows the CS.
B) The US begins with the CS and continues after the CS terminates.
C) The CS follows the US.
D) The CS begins with the US and continues after the US terminates.

Question 40

To conclude that an association has been established in a classical conditioning experiment,one must ensure which of the following?

A) that the subject responds every time the CS is presented
B) that the subject responds every time the US is presented
C) that changes in behavior are due to the US presentation
D) that changes in behavior are not due to prior separate presentations of the CS and US

Question 41

The results of backward conditioning experiments demonstrate which of the following?

A) Backward conditioning results in inhibition of conditioned responding.
B) Backward conditioning results in excitation of conditioned responding.
C) The factors that determine the outcome of backward conditioning may depend on factors other than the CS being a good signal for the onset of the US.
D) Simultaneous and backward conditioning procedures are similar.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a bidirectional response system?

A) taste preferences
B) heart rates
C) rabbit eyeblinks
D) temperatures

Question 43

The temporal coding hypothesis suggests that a subject will do which of the following?

A) will not learn CS-US associations
B) will learn CS-US associations and learn when the US occurs in relation to the CS
C) will learn temporal relations only in short-delay situations, accounting for the strong conditioning that occurs in this procedure
D) will learn temporal relations only in long-delay situations, accounting for the one trial learning seen in taste-aversion conditioning

Question 44

Pairing repeated presentations of a photograph of a water can with subsequent presentations of a photograph of a flower on a computer screen is likely to

A) have little effect on the conscious judgment of causality in normal human adults.
B) affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, and will likely share features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
C) affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, but in spite of surface similarities, does not have the features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
D) impact judgments of causality in only well trained human subjects with experience in the experimental setting.

Question 45

A sign reading "out of gas" at a restaurant does not cause the frustration of the same sign at a service station because of which choice below?

A) The restaurant is excitatory.
B) The excitatory context is missing at the restaurant.
C) The excitatory context is missing at the service station.
D) The restaurant is inhibitory.

Question 46

X-market uses a red light commonly found at traffic intersections to indicate a sale price.Y-market uses a blue light rarely seen by its customers to indicate a sale price.The customers at Y-market learn to run to the sale item much sooner than those at X-market.This is an example of

A) a bidirectional response.
B) the compound-stimulus principle.
C) retardation of acquisition.
D) inhibitory conditioning.

Question 47

Inhibitory conditioning depends on an excitatory context,whereas excitatory conditioning depends on

A) an inhibitory context.
B) an excitatory context.
C) an explicitly unpaired control.
D) None of the above

Question 48

Evidence for inhibitory conditioning in a summation test comes from which of the following?

A) an increased suppression ratio when the CS+ and CS- are presented together
B) a decreased suppression ratio when the CS+ and CS- are presented together
C) no change in the suppression ratio when the CS+ and CS- are presented together
D) None of the above are sufficient without a control group.

Question 49

Pigeons will approach a CS associated with food delivery.They withdraw from a CS that signals the absence of food.This is evidence that sign-tracking is

A) a bi-directional response system.
B) a compound stimulus system.
C) an inhibitory system.
D) an excitatory system.

Question 50

Normally,you eat breakfast every morning at Sam's Diner.For the past three mornings,a large yellow banner has stated that Sam's is closed.Now,every time you see a yellow banner you turn away from the banner.Your conditioning is an example of

A) short-delayed conditioning.
B) differential inhibition.
C) the standard procedure for conditioned inhibition.
D) a negative CS-US contiguity.

Question 51

In the standard procedure for conditioned inhibition,which of the following is true?

A) The CS+ and CS- occur during the same trial.
B) The CS+ and CS- occur on different trials.
C) The CS- and US closely follow one another.
D) The CS+ and US occur only when separated by a length of time.

Question 52

The difficulty in investigating inhibitory conditioning of rabbit eyeblink responses is that

A) eyeblink in rabbits is a bidirectional response.
B) there are low baseline levels of eyeblinking in rabbits.
C) eyeblink is excitatory.
D) eyeblink is already inhibitory.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a result of Pavlovian sexual conditioning in males?

A) more successful competition for the female
B) more offspring produced
C) more reproductive frustration
D) more courtship behavior

Question 54

Describe the use of classical conditioning in two experimental situations.Identify the conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulus in each situation.

Question 55

To measure conditioned inhibition in non-bidirectional response systems,you could use

A) the response blocking test.
B) the differential-inhibition test.
C) the compound-stimulus test.
D) the compound-inhibitory test.

Question 56

In a bidirectional response system,subjects move away from an excitatory CS.You expect the subjects to _____ an inhibitory CS.

A) move away from
B) approach
C) show inhibition of delay to
D) It cannot be determined.

Question 57

What are the five common procedures for classical conditioning? Provide an example from common human experience that illustrates the CS-US timing of each procedure.

Question 58

The rationale for the retardation of acquisition test is found in which of the following choices?

A) The rate of acquisition of an excitatory CR should be retarded if the CS is a conditioned inhibitor.
B) The rate of acquisition of an excitatory UR should be retarded if the CS is a conditioned inhibitor.
C) The rate of acquisition of an excitatory CR should be facilitated if the CS is a conditioned inhibitor.
D) The rate of acquisition of an excitatory UR should be facilitated if the CS is a conditioned inhibitor.

Question 59

Only a single CS is needed for inhibitory conditioning in which of the following procedures?

A) trace conditioning
B) differential inhibition
C) the standard procedure for conditioned inhibition
D) a negative CS-US contiguity

Question 60

Conditioned excitation is to conditioned inhibition as

A) sensitization is to habituation.
B) long-delayed conditioning is to short-delayed conditioning.
C) pseudo-conditioning is to control group.
D) random-control procedure is to explicitly unpaired control procedure.

Question 61

What is pseudo-conditioning? Describe two control procedures that help to differentiate true conditioning from pseudo-conditioning.

Question 62

Why is an excitatory context necessary for inhibitory conditioning? Describe two inhibitory conditioning procedures and identify the excitatory context in each procedure.

Question 63

What is learned in extinction procedures? Provide evidence to support your answer.

Question 64

Compare the effectiveness of short-delay and long-delay conditioning.What factors influence the effectiveness of each procedure?

Question 65

Describe two procedures to measure conditioned inhibition and note the circumstance in which each procedure would be used.

Question 66

How does classical conditioning contribute to our understanding of causal judgments?

Question 67

Describe the interplay of elicited and classically conditioned behaviors that is necessary in successful nursing.

Question 68

How is learning in classical conditioning procedures measured?