Deck 6: Girls and Gangs

Question 1

Which of the following refers to the belief that macrostructural changes from the 1940s to the 1970s fundamentally shifted the role of women in gangs so that they assumed more autonomous criminal roles?

A) conflict resolution
B) liberation hypothesis
C) beyond risk
D) rite of passage

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a key theme uncovered by seminal studies on female gang members in the 1970s and 1980s?

A) They acted at least in part independently from boys.
B) They were engaged in violent conflicts.
C) They served largely as sex objects.
D) They participated in serious crime.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Moore's study of gangs in Los Angeles implies the activities of female gang members ______.

A) became more similar to the activities of male gang members over time
B) became less like the activities of male gang members over time
C) have not changed over time
D) were unknown to researchers prior to the early 1990s

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Landmark self-report surveys that measure gang involvement, including the Denver Youth Survey and the Seattle Social Development Project, found that gang members were ______ to be females than males in urban locations.

A) less likely
B) nearly equally likely
C) more likely
D) about a quarter more likely

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a finding from J. Miller's (2001, 2014) studies of female gang members in St. Louis, MO, and Columbus, OH?

A) Fewer females were active gang members than expected.
B) Illustrations of family and neighborhood contexts of gang involvement.
C) The relationship between serious family problems and external support systems.
D) The influence of gang-involved family members on girls' likelihood of joining a gang.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an early problem behavior exhibited by child delinquent girls that is also associated with gang membership?

A) estranged parental relationships
B) physical abuse
C) mental health problems
D) speech impediments

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an example of a characteristic of an "organized gang?"

A) A gang that requires its members to wear all red in public.
B) A gang that requires a "jump in" to become a member.
C) A gang that commits burglaries.
D) A gang that has no designated leader.

Question 8

It is uncommon for girls' violent acts to involve ______.

A) firearms
B) knives
C) fists
D) multiple offenders

Question 9

Referring to victimization, Valdez's (2007) term "beyond risk" is another way of saying ______.

A) no risk
B) low risk
C) moderate risk
D) extreme risk

Question 10

Valdez (2007) found which of the following detrimental family conditions to be most commonly reported among female respondents who later became gang associates?

A) family member drug use
B) family member alcohol abuse
C) witnessing domestic violence
D) sexual abuse by a family member

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior common to "hoodrats?"

A) frequently attending parties with male gang members
B) using both marijuana and cocaine
C) dating a gang member for an extended period of time
D) drinking a six-pack of beer every night

Question 12

Due to differences in the origins and implications of ______, different interventions are proposed for gang-involved females and males.

A) the liberation hypothesis
B) extreme risk
C) risk factors
D) sexism

Question 13

The ______ is an example of a CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy) intervention for gang involvement.

A) SNAP Girls program
B) Movimiento Ascendencia
C) Female Intervention Team
D) Safe Dates

Question 14

______ refers to a therapeutic model that allows girls to explore common problems in their lives and to develop a sense of self-worth through intimate communication with others.

A) CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy)
B) mediation
C) strengths-based
D) cultural awareness

Question 15

Which of the following female-specific programs starts serving girls at the earliest age?

A) SNAP program
B) Movimiento Ascendencia
C) FIT (Female Intervention Team)
D) Safe Dates

Question 16

The treatment model of "Safe Dates" implies that the same treatment models that help reduce the likelihood of sexual victimization would also be helping in reducing ______.

A) joining a gang
B) the average amount of time spent in a gang
C) drug use within gang contexts
D) violent victimization in gang contexts

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a "gender-neutral" gang intervention service?

A) G. R.E.A.T. program
B) ART program
C) Movimiento Ascendenica
D) BSFT

Question 18

Which of the following "female-specific" gang interventions is affiliated with a law enforcement agency?

A) SNAP program
B) CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy)
C) FIT (Female Intervention Team)
D) Safe Dates

Question 19

It is implied that most gang programs that receive the designation of being "gender-neutral" are named as such because they ______.

A) dedicate equal amounts of time to female- and male-specific topics
B) have shown to be effective for both female and male participants
C) have equal proportions of female and male program staff
D) do not mention gender in any of their materials

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem behavior that would be targeted by Brief-Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) for prevention or intervention?

A) heroin use
B) teen pregnancy
C) the incarceration of a parent
D) truancy

Question 21

Which of the following refers to an alternative to residential treatment, incarceration, or hospitalization for adolescents who have problems with chronic antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency?

A) MTFC (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care)
B) MST (Multisystemic Therapy)
C) (Brief Strategic Family Therapy) BSFT
D) Comprehensive Gang Program Model

Question 22

It is implied that early misconceptions about the participation of females in gangs are based on ______ assumptions about gangs in general.

A) racist
B) classist
C) sexist
D) over-simplistic

Question 23

Which of the following have been found about the relationship of female gang involvement to other forms of delinquency and criminality?

A) Female gang members have become more extensively involved in serious and violent offending since the turn of the millennium.
B) Females involved in gangs are more likely to engage in prostitution than non-gang-involved females.
C) Female gang members today are less likely to engage in serious, violent crimes than 40 years ago.
D) Females involved in gangs are more likely to experience substance abuse than non-gang-involved females.

Question 24

Which of the following describe the group "girlfriends" in Valdez's typology of female gang associates?

A) in a steady relationship with a gang member
B) frequent substance use
C) given respect from other members
D) active involvement with daily gang activities

Question 25

Under what circumstances are girl members of gangs found to be MOST likely to engage in violence?

A) as the proportion of females in a gang increases
B) as the age of females in a gang increases
C) as the proportion of males in a gang increases
D) as the level of organization of a gang increases

Question 26

Which of the following is a risk factor for girls' gang joining?

A) early problem behaviors
B) immigration status
C) neighborhood characteristics
D) family environments

Question 27

Coverage during the first media crime wave largely characterized female criminals as ethnic and racial minorities.

Question 28

It is implied that mixed-methods approaches, such as those employed by Moore (1978, 1991), are ideal for exploring the role of girls in gangs.

Question 29

Modern studies on girls in gangs that followed Moore's (1978, 1991) landmark studies largely used longitudinal study designs.

Question 30

There is consensus among researchers that female gang members are increasingly involved in more serious and violent offenses.

Question 31

Studies on gang gender composition suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the proportion of males in a gang and the amount of violence perpetrated by the gang.

Question 32

Ebensen and colleagues (1999) found that gangs with female members were slightly more organized than gangs without female members.

Question 33

Each group included in Valdez's (2007) typology of females who did not belong in a gang includes an assessment of the group's level of involvement in gang-related activities.

Question 34

Females exposed to gangs are at a heightened risk of victimization of sex crimes and violence offenses.

Question 35

Risk factors refer to conditions that potentially serve as antecedents to joining a gang.

Question 36

The "female-responsive" and "what works" treatment and intervention philosophies are the same.

Question 37

Discuss Moore's (1978, 1991) key research findings about female gang members and how her studies advanced scholarship on the topic of girls in gangs.

Question 38

Indicate two reasons why the data source for the National Youth Gang Survey may influence estimates that only 10% of gang members are female.

Question 39

Discuss the evolution of research on the involvement of girls in gangs. Why did the development of research on male and female gang members differ so substantially?

Question 40

Imagine that you are creating a female-specific gang prevention program after reviewing best practices. What would be the key elements of your program, what programs would they be based on, and how would they aim to reduce gang membership among females? (Hint: Be sure to discuss risk factors of female gang membership and which risk factors your program addresses.)