Deck 9: How Does Gender Affect the Type of Work We Do and the Rewards We Receive for Our Work

Question 1

Men are more likely to take part in ______ while women are more likely to take part in ______.

A) formal paid labor, informal labor
B) informal labor, family wage labor
C) vulnerable employment, formal paid labor
D) vulnerable employment, informal labor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A person who is self-employed and hires no employees to work for them is best described as a(n) ______.

A) contributing family worker
B) own-account worker
C) informal laborer
D) family wage worker

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Indira helps her husband to shear the sheep and regularly cleans the pen, but she receives no pay in return for her labor. Her husband receives all the money from shearing and selling the sheep. Indira is an example of what type of worker?

A) Contributing family worker
B) Own-account worker
C) Informal laborer
D) Family wage worker

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What might explain the lower participation of women in the global workforce than of men?

A) Women do not have the same desire or willpower as men to work.
B) Women are more demanding employees and are therefore less desirable.
C) The construction of work as something people do for pay in the formal economy obscures much of the labor women contribute.
D) There is more "men's work" than "women's work" that needs to be done in any society

Question 5

_______ is an exaggerated form of masculinity where men engage in drugs, alcohol, and sexual carousing to demonstrate independence from both the control of their wives and the establishment.

A) Hegemonic masculinity
B) Patriarchal masculinity
C) Compensatory masculinity
D) Oppositional masculinity

Question 6

The construction of masculinity often means that men link their jobs with their ______.

A) masculinity
B) identity
C) gender roles
D) sexuality

Question 7

Their enactment of ______ allows higher class men to define themselves in contradiction to the behaviors of working-class men.

A) hegemonic masculinity
B) egalitarian masculinity
C) compensatory masculinity
D) oppositional masculinity

Question 8

A coherent set of values, beliefs, and practices that reaffirms distinctions from the majority culture and mitigates the effects of oppression is known as: :

A) Hegemonic masculinity
B) Compensatory culture
C) Egalitarian masculinity
D) Oppositional culture

Question 9

Anderson argues that for today's young African American men, ______ is no longer part of the definition of masculinity.

A) academic performance
B) work
C) musical prowess
D) family

Question 10

From colleagues in the workplace, men receive a status ______ from being one of the few men working in a predominantly female occupation.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) stigmatization
D) consistency

Question 11

The invisible pressure that men face to move upward in their professions is known as the:

A) Glass ceiling
B) Glass elevator
C) Glass escalator
D) Glass wall

Question 12

Male social workers, nurses, librarians, and elementary teachers are often tracked toward administrative jobs regardless of their actual interest in administration. This phenomenon is known as_____________.

A) The glass ceiling
B) The glass escalator
C) Nepotism
D) The sticky floor

Question 13

The concentration of women and men into different jobs, occupations, and firms is known as____.

A) Household division of labor
B) Gender segregation
C) Job queuing
D) Sex segregation

Question 14

As a given job is restructured to reduce autonomy, decrease pay, and simplify the required skillset, it will typically see a(n) _______ in male employees and a(n) ______ in female employees.

A) increase; decline
B) decline; stagnation
C) decline; increase
D) increase; stagnation

Question 15

Protective labor legislation argued that women could not work ______ because it would lead to detrimental effects on their health and hinder their ability to perform crucial household duties.

A) in factories
B) with male coworkers
C) too many hours
D) with machines

Question 16

The process by which elementary school teaching transitioned from being the profession of men to one most often associated with women, is known as______.

A) Ghettoization
B) Patriarchal dissolution
C) Resegregation
D) Protective labor

Question 17

When lower paid "women's" jobs are separated from better paid "men's" jobs within an occupation, job, or firm through the use of informal gender typing, this is known as_____.

A) Ghettoization
B) Patriarchal dissolution
C) Resegregation
D) Protective labor

Question 18

The occupations of typesetter and composer transitioned from 30% female in 1970 to 72% by 1989. This shift is an example of which process?

A) Ghettoization
B) Patriarchal dissolution
C) Resegregation
D) Protective labor

Question 19

Because working-class men are not perceived as having careers and because their lower earnings given them less status as providers within the household, Pyke argued that working-class families_______.

A) incorporate more flexible gender roles.
B) are more likely to be happy.
C) rely on rigidly gendered divisions of labor.
D) are more suceptible to insurance scams.

Question 20

The fact that women earn about 77 cents per male dollar earned is known as_________.

A) Ghettoization
B) The gender wage gap
C) Division of labor
D) Job queuing

Question 21

Which theoretical explanation for sex segregation argues that once gender is internalized, it affects decisions at the individual level such as job choice?

A) Human capital theory
B) Gendered organizations theory
C) Socialization theory
D) Social networktheory

Question 22

Which theoretical explanation for sex segregation asserts that men and women invest in their earning potential differently?

A) Human capital theory
B) Gender schema theory
C) Docialization theory
D) Queuing theory

Question 23

What global phenomenon is often credited to actress Alyssa Milano's tweets about Harvey Weinstein, but was initially started by Tarana Burke, a Black woman, years before?

A) Sex Segregation
B) Intersectional Feminism
C) #BlackLivesMatter
D) The #MeToo movement

Question 24

Which theoretical approach argues that sex segregation is a fundamental part of how businesses work?

A) Human capital theory
B) Gendered organizations theory
C) Docialization theory
D) Queuing theory

Question 25

Because men have been thought of as primary or sole breadwinners, a woman's wage has often been considered ______.

A) supplemental to the family budget
B) superfluous to the family budget
C) too low to impact the family budget
D) integral to the family budget

Question 26

The income necessary to sustain an entire family is known as which of the following?

A) Gendered inequity
B) Family wage
C) Sex segregation
D) Breadwinner salary

Question 27

Inequalities between men and women in the workplace are sometimes attributed to how sex segregation shapes access to ______, or structured opportunities for advancement within the organization.

A) external labor markets
B) internal labor markets
C) gendered organizations
D) gender pay gap

Question 28

The advantages men in general gain from the subordination of women is known as ______.

A) hegemonic masculinity
B) the patriarchal dividend
C) gendered queuing
D) human capital

Question 29

A policy that seeks to raise the wages of low-paying jobs occupied predominantly by women by demonstrating the gendered ways in which jobs are socially constructed is known as______.

A) job evaluation
B) comparable worth
C) equal pay for equal work
D) right to work

Question 30

In cases where one consistent job evaluation plan is used to set pay throughout a firm or organization, women nearly always receive _______ wages than men.

A) higher
B) lower
C) significantly less
D) the same

Question 31

Research suggests that rates of women's employment and a country's economic growth are connected.

Question 32

Research has shown that women see their job as their main source of identity.

Question 33

Owing to large barriers to employment as a stable source of masculine identity, many young African American men participate in oppositional culture.

Question 34

The gender wage gap exists even when women and men have comparable qualifications.

Question 35

The fact that 97% of preschool and kindergarten teachers are female is an example of occupational sex segregation.

Question 36

Protective labor legislation prohibited women from working in places that sold alcoholic beverages as it might corrupt their morality.

Question 37

Tarana Burke created #MeToo to draw attention to the experiences of women, and particularly women of color, with sexual violence .

Question 38

One way in which the gender wage gap and sex segregation are related is the tendency for lower paying jobs to also involve more authority or supervision of other workers than higher paying jobs.

Question 39

Research has shown that experiencing sexual harassment at work could signficantly impact a person's lifetime earnings and career trajectory.

Question 40

Socialization theory argues that our learned gender experiences lead men and women to prefer different types of jobs.

Question 41

The author of the text argues that the family wage is a way of sustaining a social order in which women are dependent on men.

Question 42

Female-to-male transgender people provide an "outsider-within" perspective to gender, since they experienced gender from both outside and within the identity and status of a man.

Question 43

Human capital theory argues that gender is an organizational characteristic that must be studied at the institutional level.

Question 44

In comparable worth cases, job evaluation is used to generate rankings of jobs within an organization or firm.

Question 45

Workers in the informal economy are generally considered less vulnerable than those employed in the formal economy.

Question 46

How does sex segregation in the workplace lead to gender inequality? What is one step that could be taken to reduce sex segregation in the workplace?

Question 47

What is the family wage? How did the family wage foster gender inequality?

Question 48

A friend of yours argues that men and women have identical wage-earning opportunities in the United States today. Describe your reply based on what you have learned from reading the text.

Question 49

Compare and contrast human capital theory and gendered organizations theory. Be sure to (1) define the key concepts and arguments of each theory, (2) identify the level of analysis required for each perspective (individual, interactional, institution), and (3) explain how each of them accounts for sex segregation in the workplace.

Question 50

The text argues that women's employment rates are often tied to economic development. Why might this be?