Deck 7: Self and Identity

Question 1

The development of a sense of self seems to occur at around 18 months, at the same time as a massive number of ______ cells develop in an area called the anterior cingulate in the frontal lobe of the brain, an area thought to be responsible for monitoring and controlling ______ behaviour.

A) self; all
B) spindle; automatic
C) cingulate; intentional
D) spindle; intentional

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Public self-awareness is NOT associated with ______.

A) evaluation apprehension
B) a decreased risk of depression
C) lowered self-esteem
D) increased adherence to social norms

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If the concept of intelligence is self-schematic, perceivers should show ______.

A) faster responses to synonyms of the concept
B) slower responses to synonyms of the concept
C) no responses to synonyms of the concept
D) faster responses to antonyms of the concept

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The control theory of self-regulation compares the self to ______.

A) other individuals
B) another social group
C) the self
D) all of these

Question 5

Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) suggests that people compare their ______ self, how they are at present, to both their ______ self, how they would aspire to be, and to their ______ self, how they think they should be.

A) actual; ought; ideal
B) actual; ideal; ought
C) individual; ideal; collective
D) actual; ideal; proper

Question 6

Which of the following are examples of upward comparisons?

A) more attractive than you are
B) cleverer than you are
C) more athletic than you are
D) any of these

Question 7

How do we maintain positive self-esteem when facing an upward social comparison?

A) by exaggerating the ability of the target so that the comparison is no longer relevant
B) by downplaying the similarity between the self and the target
C) by devaluing the dimension of comparison
D) any of these

Question 8

The meta-contrast principle suggests that perceivers maximise the ______ within groups and the ______ between groups.

A) similarities; similarities
B) similarities; differences
C) differences; similarities
D) differences; differences

Question 9

Self-esteem becomes less stable from the age of 60, why might this be?

A) ill health
B) death of others from same generation
C) retirement
D) any of these

Question 10

People who have higher self-esteem are more likely to ______.

A) attempt to improve their mood following failure
B) dampen their mood following a positive life event
C) regulate their mood ineffectively
D) any of these

Question 11

The relationship between narcissism and aggression is ______ by ego threat.

A) weakened
B) strengthened
C) not influenced
D) reversed

Question 12

The self-serving attribution bias is that individuals attribute their success to ______ factors and their failure to ______ factors.

A) internal; internal
B) internal; external
C) external; external
D) external; internal

Question 13

Individualist cultures ______.

A) promote individual goals, initiative and achievement
B) encourage people to view themselves as unique and independent
C) are typified by the United States and Europe
D) all of these

Question 14

The alternation model suggests that it is possible for an individual to deal with multiple identities by understanding the cultural assumptions that guide behaviour and, using this knowledge, to think and behave in line with relevant cultural orientations depending on the situation. As a result, ______.

A) it is not possible for an individual to have a sense of belonging in two cultures without compromising his or her sense of cultural identity.
B) it is possible for an individual to have a sense of belonging in two cultures without compromising his or her sense of cultural identity.
C) individuals have to choose one identity and stick to it at all times
D) individuals end up without any clear cultural identity.

Question 15

Scheier and Carver (1977) reported that participants who read a series of positive and negative statements while looking in a mirror demonstrated ______.

A) loss of self-esteem
B) evaluation apprehension
C) reduced emotional response
D) intensified emotional response

Question 16

Which of these is NOT a consequence of being publicly self-aware?

A) loss of self-esteem
B) evaluation apprehension
C) clarification of knowledge
D) adherence to social standards of behaviour

Question 17

The anterior cingulate is an area of ______ in the cerebral cortex of the brain, which is activated when people are ______.

A) prefrontal cortex; self-schematic
B) parietal lobe; self-aware
C) parietal lobe; self-schematic
D) prefrontal cortex; self-aware

Question 18

Higgins (1987) refers to the traits or characteristics that an individual believes they should possess, based on a sense of duty, responsibility or obligation, as ______.

A) self-schema
B) the ideal self
C) the ought self
D) the actual self

Question 19

According to the self-evaluation maintenance model (Tesser, 1988), when making comparisons to other individuals, provided that the domain in which the individual is successful is irrelevant to us and we are certain about our own abilities in this domain, we are likely to engage in ______. However, when the domain is relevant to us and we are uncertain about our abilities in the domain, we engage in ______.

A) upward comparison; downward comparison
B) upward comparison; social reflection
C) downward comparison; upward comparison
D) social reflection; upward comparison

Question 20

The process by which group members exaggerate similarities within the group and differences with other groups is termed ______.

A) depersonalisation
B) differentiation
C) self-categorisation
D) the meta-contrast principle

Question 21

The personality trait, held by individuals, characterised by extremely high but unstable self-esteem is known as ______.

A) vanity
B) narcissism
C) insecurity
D) aggressive

Question 22

The desire to know who we truly are, regardless of whether the truth is positive or negative, is known as ______.

A) self-assessment
B) self-esteem
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement

Question 23

The rouge test is used to ______.

A) measure in-group identification
B) demonstrate the impact of social identity on behaviour
C) test self-awareness in infants
D) measure self-consciousness

Question 24

Self-affirmation is a strategy used ______.

A) for self-verification
B) to make upward social comparisons
C) to derive a positive self-esteem from social aspects of the self
D) to derive a positive self-esteem from personal aspects of the self

Question 25

Which of the following refers to a strategy used by low status group members where they find new dimensions on which they compare more favourably to a higher status outgroup?

A) social change
B) social creativity
C) upward comparison
D) self-verification

Question 26

The process of deriving a positive self-concept from the achievements of other group members even if we were NOT personally instrumental in those achievements is known as ______. The process of distancing ourselves from group members when a group is unsuccessful in order to limit damage to our self-concept is known as ______.

A) social reflection; social change
B) basking in reflective glory; cutting off reflective failure
C) social reflection; cutting off reflective failure
D) basking in reflective glory; dis-identification

Question 27

A culture which promotes conformity and actions that promote the best interests of the group rather than its individual members is ______.

A) a capitalist culture
B) typified by the United States and Europe
C) a collectivist culture
D) an individualistic culture

Question 28

The theory that by alternating one's cultural orientation depending on the situation, it is possible for an individual to have a sense of belonging in two different cultures without compromising his or her sense of cultural identity is called ______.

A) acculturation model
B) social identity theory
C) self-categorisation theory
D) alternation model

Question 29

Within the control theory of self-regulation, the phase in which people change their behaviour in order to meet a relevant private or public standard is known as ______.

A) test
B) operation
C) reflection
D) social change