Deck 6: Critical Theories, Life-Course, and Integrated Theories

Question 1

We use this term to include types of explanations that are sometimes called conflict, Marxist, or radical.

A) sociological
B) strain
C) criminological
D) critical

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which is not one of Cullen and Agnew's central themes of critical theories that help to differentiate them from other types of sociological theories of crime and delinquency?

A) The concepts of inequality and power are integral to any understanding of crime and its control.
B) Crime is not a political concept, but a value-free concept.
C) Capitalism is a system of economics that causes a large degree of crime.
D) The solution to crime is the creation of a more equitable society.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Marx divides society into two parts, the _____, who control and own the means of production, and the _____, the workers who are exploited by this economic system.

A) proletariat; bourgeoisie
B) bourgeoisie; petit bourgeoisie
C) bourgeoisie; proletariat
D) capitalists; impoverished

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In Marxist theory, this is the belief that the arrangement of some people owning of the means of production and some people working for the owners is legitimate.

A) false consciousness
B) ascertainable criteria
C) bourgeoisie
D) proletariat

Question 5

Critical theories are also called which of the following?

A) Marxist
B) conflict
C) radical
D) all of the above

Question 6

This theorist saw egoism as the reason people break the law in capitalist societies.

A) Hirschi
B) Bonger
C) Cullen
D) Marx

Question 7

According to Bonger, for which two reasons are impoverished people living in a capitalist state stimulated to break the law?

A) In order to survive and because the bourgeoisie own the means of production
B) Because workers are exploited and because wealth is how people are judged
C) Because workers are exploited and because the bourgeoisie own the means of production
D) In order to survive and because wealth is how people are judged

Question 8

According to Chambliss, crime serves to divert our attention from the exploitive nature of _____ and focus it on the offenses of impoverished people.

A) socialism
B) capitalism
C) communism
D) all of the above

Question 9

According to Michalowski, crime becomes common when there is a vast _____ between the impoverished and the wealthy.

A) distance
B) understanding
C) difference
D) sameness

Question 10

This form of criminology contends that the idealism of Marxist criminology sacrifices the interests of impoverished people for the interests of lower-class offenders.

A) feminist criminology
B) critical race theory
C) left realism
D) integrated criminology

Question 11

According to DeKeseredy, several activities could help lower poverty and unemployment rates. Which is not one of these?

A) government-sponsored day care
B) a lower minimum wage
C) job creation and training programs
D) universal health care

Question 12

The characteristics attributed to and accorded to males and females by society and/or culture on the basis of sex.

A) sex
B) responsibilities
C) gender
D) all of the above

Question 13

This theory focuses on how racial issues determine the quality of justice available to people of color.

A) cultural criminology
B) critical race theory
C) left realism
D) postmodern criminology

Question 14

These theorists use allegories, storytelling, and imagined dialogues to illustrate important concepts.

A) postmodern
B) left-realist
C) critical race
D) Marxist

Question 15

According to Arrigo, postmodern criminology has three key issues. Which is not one of these?

A) first-person narratives
B) the centrality of language
C) partial knowledge and provisional truth
D) deconstruction, difference, and possibility

Question 16

According to _____, our concepts of justice, law, fairness, responsibility, and authority are all affected by the context in which we live and aren't absolute.

A) postmodernism
B) left realism
C) critical race theory
D) strain theory

Question 17

This form of criminology considers how the media and popular culture intersect with the lives of offenders and the criminal justice system.

A) cultural criminology
B) peacemaking criminology
C) critical race theory
D) postmodern criminology

Question 18

This form of criminology affixes responsibility for crime not only to the individuals involved, but also to the social structure that accepts, enables, or encourages the harm that individuals do to others.

A) peacemaking criminology
B) Marxist criminology
C) critical race theory
D) postmodern criminology

Question 19

Which is not a level in the peacemaking pyramid?

A) correct means
B) exclusion
C) nonviolence
D) social justice

Question 20

This means that the language and procedures used to pursue justice must be made clear to all.

A) correct means
B) ascertainable criteria
C) social justice
D) inclusion

Question 21

What is the primary issue that life-course theories examine in relationship to crime?

A) age
B) race
C) gender
D) sex

Question 22

Moffitt specified two types of life-course offenders who engage in antisocial behavior in distinctly different patterns: _____.

A) life-course persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders
B) adult offenders and juvenile delinquents
C) long-term offenders and short-term offenders
D) none of the above

Question 23

According to Moffitt, cognitive disabilities, poor parenting, impoverished economic neighborhoods, and limited opportunities combine to produce the _____.

A) life-course persistent offender
B) adolescent-limited offender
C) neither
D) both

Question 24

There are more _____ than _____, and the group may include nearly every juvenile.

A) life-course persistent offenders; adolescence-limited offenders
B) life-course limited offenders; adolescence-persistent offenders
C) adolescence-limited offenders; life-course persistent offenders
D) none of the above

Question 25

Sampson and Laub's _____ theory of crime combines life-course theory with control theory of delinquency and examines these concepts in light of data developed by the Gluecks.

A) life-course
B) peacemaking
C) pathways and turning points
D) strain

Question 26

According to Sampson and Laub, for adolescents, social controls and turning points are related to _____ and _____.

A) consistent discipline; emotional attachment to parents
B) age; steady employment
C) supervision; warmth
D) school attachment; peers

Question 27

In considering how individuals bond to conventional society, Sampson and Laub use Hirschi's _____ theory of delinquency.

A) life-course
B) strain
C) social control
D) postmodern

Question 28

According to Sampson and Laub, the pathways to crime may be interrupted as a youth grows by significant _____.

A) turning points
B) pathways
C) events
D) peers

Question 29

Which theory does Elliott's integrated theory of delinquent behavior draw from?

A) social learning
B) strain
C) social control
D) all of the above

Question 30

Elliott argues that middle-class delinquents, in the pursuit of their goals, suffer from this.

A) delinquent peers
B) strain
C) racism
D) sexism

Question 31

According to Elliott, this theory is not enough to explain delinquency and must be combined with social control and social learning theories.

A) strain
B) postmodern
C) life-course
D) critical

Question 32

An additional function of Thornberry's interactional theory is his attempt to specify how this might change for the individual over the life course.

A) attachment to peers
B) attachment to family
C) attachment to subcultural values
D) attachment to society's conventional bonds

Question 33

Thornberry's interactional perspective draws on these two theories.

A) peacemaking; postmodern
B) social control; social learning
C) strain; labeling
D) social control; strain

Question 34

According to Tittle, when there is an imbalance of control, this is one way that we attempt to put the condition back into balance.

A) therapy
B) deviant behavior
C) education
D) religion

Question 35

According to Tittle, how might a person respond to being humiliated?

A) the victim might conform and endure the humiliation
B) the victim might respond by attacking the attacker
C) the victim may engage in an act of defiance
D) all of the above

Question 36

Critical theories of crime and delinquency don't distinguish between "bad people" (offenders) and "good people" (citizens).

Question 37

The creation of a more equitable society is not a solution to crime, according to critical theories.

Question 38

Karl Marx had little to say about crime.

Question 39

According to Michalowski, many impoverished societies have low crime rates.

Question 40

Critics of Marxist criminology believe that it romanticizes offenders.

Question 41

Offenders most often victimize those in the upper classes.

Question 42

Race, according to critical-race theorists, is a deciding factor in how individuals view justice.

Question 43

Age is a poor variable with which to conduct research because it's not collected in a consistent manner.

Question 44

Young children and elderly adults commit very little crime

Question 45

According to Sampson and Laub, the pathways to crime might be interrupted by significant transitions or turning points.

Question 46

One problem for life-course theories is that they are better at looking backward than looking forward.

Question 47

It is possible that a single theory could encompass the entire range of delinquent behavior.

Question 48

According to interactional theory, crime and delinquency are the result of the social interactions between two people.

Question 49

Elliott states that middle-class delinquents suffer from a very similar type of strain as lower-class delinquents.

Question 50

According to Tittle's control balance theory, the optimum condition is when others have more control over us than we have over them.