Deck 16: The Future of Policing in America

Question 1

All of the following can have an effect on police strategies EXCEPT for ______.

A) legislation
B) political attitudes
C) local resources
D) religious beliefs

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following was identified as America's fastest-growing crime in 2012?

A) threats of terrorism
B) identity theft
C) hit and runs
D) drug-related homicide

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Observers predicted all of the following changes in police strategies EXCEPT for ______.

A) deployment of community policing
B) practice planning and intelligence
C) greater dependence on private police
D) police executives with little to no education

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the text, which of the following types of crimes has declined?

A) terrorism
B) Internet crimes
C) identity theft
D) street crime

Question 5

Which of the following is necessary if the police are to be most effective?

A) top-notch firearms
B) top-notch training in tactical skills, including firearms and driving
C) widespread community support
D) graduate-level education

Question 6

Which of the following groups is noted by the authors of the text as a new potential group of perpetrators of crime in the decades to come?

A) hackers
B) senior citizens
C) juveniles
D) immigrants

Question 7

Which of the following populations was identified as presenting a significant challenge to health care, police, and local government organizations in the future?

A) children
B) teenagers
C) middle-age adults
D) senior citizens

Question 8

The bulk of international migration into the United States is expected to be ______.

A) Black and Hispanic
B) Hispanic and Asian
C) European and Asian
D) Hispanic and Indian

Question 9

The authors estimate that the Hispanic segment of the population will continue to grow to about ______ of the total in 2050.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 10

Which of the following populations is usually the most impacted by more punitive criminal justice environments?

A) the legally underrepresented
B) Whites
C) the legally represented
D) affluent individuals

Question 11

According to the text, the U.S. population will increase to 458 million by ______.

A) 2020
B) 2030
C) 2040
D) 2050

Question 12

During the "tough-on-crime" era, the criminal justice system shifted from ______ to ______.

A) a rehabilitative model; a retributive model
B) a retributive model; a restoration model
C) a deterrent model; a rehabilitative model
D) a restoration model; a deterrent model

Question 13

The recession that began in 2008 affected the economic status of community- and ______.

A) crime-oriented policing programs
B) problem-oriented policing programs
C) evidence-based policing programs
D) intelligence-led policing programs

Question 14

Police service can be categorized into tiers. Which of the following is considered to be the first tier?

A) emergency response
B) nonemergency response
C) quality of life issues
D) public engagements

Question 15

A key to understanding where the police are today and what direction they need to go is ______.

A) accurate, adequate, and meaningful information
B) understanding the importance of communication
C) understanding criminological theory
D) understanding what the public thinks and what they want in police officers

Question 16

There have been dramatic changes in policing the past years. Which of the following is an example of those changes?

A) budget cuts resulting in the layoff of police officers
B) decreasing demand for accountability
C) decreased communication between agencies
D) cultural awareness training for police officers

Question 17

Which of the following topics was NOT discussed in the 2014 Task Force on 21st Century Policing?

A) building trust and legitimacy
B) policy and oversight
C) officer safety and wellness
D) punitive policing and crime reduction

Question 18

Every interaction a police officer has with a community member should be seen as an opportunity ______.

A) to ensure the individual is not a terrorist
B) to teach them about respecting authority figures
C) to make a positive difference
D) to be one step closer to meeting departmental monthly ticket quotas

Question 19

Another key to building trust of police among the public is establishing and maintaining a culture of ______ and ______.

A) transparency; accountability
B) honesty; reliability
C) transparency; accuracy
D) reliability; honesty

Question 20

All of the following are key components to the recommended procedural justice approach to policing EXCEPT for ______.

A) fairness in the application of the law
B) increased education of officers
C) unbiased decision making
D) giving the public fair voice and representation

Question 21

The ______ theorizes that police react to criticism of widely publicized and controversial incidents involving the use of force against minority citizens by disengaging from vigorous enforcement activities.

A) Ferguson effect
B) Brown effect
C) Missouri effect
D) Black Lives Matter effect

Question 22

Law enforcement agencies need to do all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) proactively engage the public
B) measure and analyze the level of trust that communities have in them
C) create as diverse a workforce as possible
D) ensure that their own privacy and rights are protected, even if it means less transparency

Question 23

The 2014 Task Force on 21st Century Policing noted the need for police departments to make clear to the public they serve their policies regarding all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) use of force
B) the handling of mass demonstrations
C) racial profiling
D) how to handle language barriers

Question 24

Some observers believe the new technology in today's society is a double-edged sword-it will ______ and at the same time assist police in fighting crime.

A) create new forms of crime
B) hinder police in community policing
C) be above the heads of most officers
D) become harder to surveille

Question 25

Recent studies have shown that ______ tended to view technology and analysis more favorably than others in the field.

A) higher ranking commanders
B) unranked officers
C) detectives
D) first-line supervisors

Question 26

All of the following were identified as policing strategies that will continue through the 21st century EXCEPT for ______.

A) patrol
B) community-oriented policing
C) predictive policing
D) militarization

Question 27

Patrol officers will remain the backbone of policing at the ______ level.

A) local
B) state
C) federal
D) international

Question 28

______ stresses the coproduction of public safety.

A) Problem-oriented policing
B) Evidence-based policing
C) Predictive policing
D) Community-oriented policing

Question 29

The Task Force on 21st Century Policing made a special point of naming the protection of ______, especially for children and youth at risk of crime and violence.

A) honesty
B) dignity
C) innocence
D) loyalty

Question 30

The threat posed by economic crises means that many police departments will no longer be able to ______, which could ultimately help reduce crime and violence.

A) assign additional patrols and specialized units to hot spots
B) purchase the computers that are needed
C) afford red-light cameras
D) put resource officers in the schools

Question 31

The 2014 Task Force called for which of the following regarding how the police handle juveniles?

A) an expanded role in youth development
B) a one-warning policy
C) more frequent use of juvenile group homes
D) lengthier stays in juvenile detention halls

Question 32

Most people living in crime-prone areas are actually ______.

A) parolees
B) repeat offenders
C) victims
D) elderly

Question 33

______ policing is a model that involves using data and analysis to predict future police problems and implement strategies to resolve problems.

A) Intelligence-led
B) Evidence-based
C) Predictive
D) Problem-solving

Question 34

______ policing models in the future will likely include integrated sensor and information systems to protect critical public spaces.

A) Intelligence-led
B) Evidence-based
C) Predictive
D) Problem-solving

Question 35

The concept of ______ builds on and melds parts of community policing, intelligence-led policing, and hot-spot policing.

A) predictive policing
B) evidence-based policing
C) problem-oriented policing
D) community-oriented policing

Question 36

Predictive policing models in the future will likely include all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) statistical analysis to forecast CompStat-like performance
B) crime prediction models using a variety of input variables
C) geospatial tools to analyze trends
D) intelligence surveillance tools, such as drones

Question 37

All of the following statements regarding predictive policing are true EXCEPT for ______.

A) data collection must be thorough and consistent
B) departments must exercise care in designating a neighborhood as a "high-crime area"
C) the courts must be involved
D) it will not require any standards or best practices

Question 38

______ in rural areas is becoming an increasingly expensive proposition as standards for police officers improve and also as gangs and predatory criminals become more mobile and recognize that small-city and small-town police are ill prepared to deal with either swift hit-and-run crimes or more long-term invasions.

A) Terrorism
B) Policing
C) Crime
D) Civility

Question 39

The decrease in sworn personnel in some police departments and a lack of qualified applicants in others has resulted in the hiring of more ______ to assist sworn personnel with nonenforcement types of tasks.

A) reserves
B) females and minorities
C) younger adults
D) civilians

Question 40

All of the following are examples of civilianization EXCEPT for ______.

A) personnel security
B) neighborhood watch groups
C) school monitors
D) crime prevention patrol

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding accreditation is true?

A) Accreditation now requires the use of community surveys on a daily basis.
B) Self-evaluations are not very beneficial.
C) The accreditation process is very slow.
D) All states have created associations that assist with the accreditation process.

Question 42

The ______ elements of community policing are the most useful in preventing terrorism.

A) analytical
B) partnership
C) political
D) practical

Question 43

Traumatic ______ can cause organizations to fall back on more traditional methods of doing business and, in some cases, eliminate community policing.

A) changes in laws and policies
B) events such as terror attacks
C) changes in city management officials
D) events such as school shootings

Question 44

There has been some concern that the close association with the military and terrorist-oriented mission of the police will ______.

A) reduce the ability of police departments to hire a qualified work force
B) diminish relationships with United States allies
C) instigate another terrorist attack
D) accelerate the militarization and isolation of the police from members of the community

Question 45

A fatal flaw of ______ policing is the assumption that if the police simply collect as much information as they can, they will at some point identify suspicious activity.

A) intelligence-led
B) predictive
C) evidence-based
D) CompStat-based

Question 46

The authors of the text note that some larger police departments dedicate officers specifically to the fight against the threat of terrorism. All of the following are tactics that these officers employ EXCEPT for ______.

A) hiring persons arrested on terrorism charges
B) employing intelligence experts
C) hiring multilingual officers
D) monitoring news sources and intelligence data

Question 47

______ is vital for the prevention, response to, and mitigation of terrorist attacks, crime incidents, and natural disasters.

A) Community-oriented policing
B) Intelligence-led policing
C) Predictive policing
D) Problem-oriented policing

Question 48

Which of the following was identified as a way that police agencies take part in intelligence-led policing?

A) employing intelligence experts
B) increasing patrol
C) hiring English language speakers
D) training on cultural diversity and racial and ethnic differences

Question 49

Which of the following was NOT identified as an issue that will more than likely impact the future of police agencies?

A) continued advances in technology
B) adequate and effective education and training
C) decreased responsibilities for the private security industry
D) effective leadership capabilities

Question 50

Although some other areas of crime are currently on the decline, incidents of terrorism have been on the rise in recent years.

Question 51

The 21st century has put policing into a whole new milieu-one in which the causes of crime and disorder often lie outside the immediate community, demanding new and innovative approaches from police.

Question 52

The U.S. Attorney's Office recognized bicycle theft as America's fastest-growing crime.

Question 53

In many areas, street crime is on the decline.

Question 54

The U.S. population is expected to increase to somewhere between 623 million and 658 million by 2050 depending on the net increase in international migration.

Question 55

The bulk of migration into the United States has recently come from countries in South America.

Question 56

In terms of the age of the population the police protect, there has been a steady decline in the proportion of senior citizens in recent decades.

Question 57

The criminal justice system as a whole has shifted from a model that focused on rehabilitation to one that is much tougher on crime and more focused on punishment and incarcerating offenders.

Question 58

The recession that began in 2008 affected the economic status of community- and problem-oriented policing programs.

Question 59

Shrinking budgets have helped fuel the discussion of the need for change in delivery of police services.

Question 60

Even though there was a debate over the relationship between crime and the economy in the past, many people believed the recession would result in a rise in crime.

Question 61

Of the 233 police departments surveyed by the Police Executive Forum, 44% reported a rise in certain types of crime that were attributed to the United States' worst economic and financial crisis in decades.

Question 62

The demand for increased accountability for police officers is no greater than it was in previous decades.

Question 63

The primary function of the Task Force on 21st Century Policing called by President Obama in 2014 was to identify the best practices in policing and recommend strategies for reducing crime and building public trust.

Question 64

Among the many remarkable political developments in the United States in the past few years is the significant mobilization against police use of force with the Black Lives Matter movement.

Question 65

A key to trust among the public for the legitimacy of the police is establishing and maintaining a culture of transparency and accountability.

Question 66

It is not important for the public to understand the performance measures that police are expected to meet. In short, it's none of their business.

Question 67

Police department policies must be clear and complete, particularly with regard to the use of force, mass demonstrations, gender identification, and racial profiling.

Question 68

Technology and social media are undeniable forces that change rapidly and present a constant challenge for police departments.

Question 69

Advancements in technology vary widely among police agencies.

Question 70

Detectives, in general, tend to view technology and analysis more favorably than others in the field.

Question 71

Police patrol will continue to be necessary in the future since there will be random and planned acts of violence, domestic disputes, vehicular accidents, lost children, and numerous other situations referred to police services.

Question 72

Problem-oriented policing stresses the coproduction of public safety, engaging the department and the residents of neighborhoods in the interest of durable solutions and meaningful results.

Question 73

The police cannot control crime or maintain order by themselves.

Question 74

Police web presence can challenge negative representations produced by news, popular, and decentralized media.

Question 75

Intelligence-led policing is an emerging strategy that could effectively deploy resources in front of crime in order to do more with less and change outcomes.

Question 76

Predictive policing includes both strategic and tactical applications and employs forecasting techniques similar to those used by businesses to anticipate market conditions and industry trends over time.

Question 77

There are a number of links between traditional crime and terrorism.

Question 78

Traumatic events such as terrorist attacks can be a serious setback and cause organizations to fall back on more traditional methods of doing business and in some cases eliminate community policing.

Question 79

Predictive policing "in the simplest terms is a model of policing in which criminal intelligence serves as a guide to operations, instead of the reverse."

Question 80

One potential flaw of ILP is assuming wrongly that, if the police simply collect as much information as they can, they will at some point identify suspicious activity that will lead them to terrorist activity.