Deck 13: Technology and the Police

Question 1

All of the following were identified as technological advances that changed policing in the United States EXCEPT for ______.

A) the telephone
B) polygraph machines
C) two-way radios
D) automobiles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Many serious crimes are still solved using which of the following?

A) GPS tracking data
B) emails
C) cell phone records
D) information gained from members of the community in which the crime occurred

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All of the following statements regarding the costs and benefits of technology are true EXCEPT for ______.

A) over-reliance on data can be a shortcoming
B) all of the effects of technology are positive
C) the greater amount of information available, the greater the potential for misuse
D) technology can contain bugs and be considered defective

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If an officer decides to take a nap in his vehicle while on duty, all of the following technologies would alert his supervising officer of this EXCEPT for ______.

A) computer-aided dispatch
B) mobile digital computer
C) automatic vehicle location
D) drones

Question 5

Although ______ is in use in approximately 63% of large police departments, researchers still know little about the location of police officers when they are not responding to calls for service.

A) LPR
B) GIS
C) MDT
D) CAD

Question 6

Which of the following technologies is still used by law enforcement but is not admissible in court?

A) closed-circuit television
B) red light cameras
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging
D) psychophysiological detector of deception

Question 7

______ are digital dispatch and data communication systems for field officers.

A) Mobile digital communicators
B) Red light cameras
C) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D) Psychophysiological detector of deception

Question 8

In 2007, about ______ local police officers worked for a department that used in-field computers.

A) 4 out of 10
B) 6 out of 10
C) 9 out of 10
D) 10 out of 10

Question 9

By 2013, ______ of departments that served at least 25,000 residents had in-field computerized access to driving and vehicle records and outstanding warrants.

A) 55%
B) 75%
C) 83%
D) 90%

Question 10

All of the following were identified as advantages of mobile digital communicators (MDCs) EXCEPT for ______.

A) supervisors are able to view pending assignments
B) transmissions are secure
C) officers have to stand by because information is not up-to-the-minute
D) mobile digital communicators increase available airtime

Question 11

Automatic vehicle location (AVL) is useful for which of the following areas?

A) urban
B) rural
C) metropolitan
D) suburban

Question 12

______ software captures, analyzes, and stores spatial data.

A) Digital collection system network (DCSNet)
B) Electronic non-radar detection device (ENRADD)
C) Visual average speed computer and recorder (VASCAR)
D) Geographic information system (GIS)

Question 13

In which of the following court cases did the Supreme Court rule that police agencies seeking to use a GPS tracking device on a vehicle of a person under investigation must first obtain a search warrant?

A) United States v. Jones
B) Kyllo v. United States
C) Frye v. United States
D) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Question 14

Geographic information systems (GIS) are in used in approximately ______ of large police departments.

A) 35%
B) 49%
C) 63%
D) 92%

Question 15

Which of the following registers involuntary physical processes such as pulse rate and perspiration and is often used in an attempt to detect whether or not a suspect is telling the truth?

A) geographic information system
B) visual average speed computer and recorder
C) electronic non-radar detection device
D) psychophysiological detection of deception

Question 16

In a study by the IACP of the in-car camera system for police officers, it was determined that the cameras were of considerable value. Which of the following are values the study cited?

A) increased homeland security
B) lead to less likely prosecution and case resolution
C) weakened police leadership
D) made incident review complex

Question 17

All of the following were identified as advantages of vehicle cameras EXCEPT for ______.

A) they provide officers with additional evidence to convict traffic offenders
B) they protect officers against false accusations
C) officers are less likely to misbehave during traffic stops
D) their use has not improved community relations

Question 18

Which type of camera was adopted in recent years, although its effectiveness has yet to be established?

A) vehicle cameras
B) mobile phone cameras
C) body-worn cameras
D) aerial cameras

Question 19

Which of the following acts of legislation protects government surveillance of private citizens suspected of international acts of terrorism?

A) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
B) Electronic Communications Privacy Act
C) Kyllo v. U.S.
D) the Nuremburg Code

Question 20

The FBI developed a sophisticated, point-and-click surveillance system called the ______ that performs instant wiretaps on almost any communications device. It consists of software that sifts, collects, and stores phone numbers, phone calls, and text messages.

A) FISA
B) DCSNet
C) ANPR
D) IP

Question 21

The ______ system may be of use in AMBER Alert searches and also to fight motor vehicle theft.

A) LPR
B) I-CLEAR
C) IAFIS
D) DCSNet

Question 22

Which of the following acts protects email, pagers, and cell phone calls?

A) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
B) Electronic Communications Privacy Act
C) USA PATRIOT Act
D) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Question 23

Which of the following acts gave federal authorities much wider latitude in monitoring Internet usage and expanded the way such data are shared among different agencies?

A) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
B) Electronic Communications Privacy Act
C) USA PATRIOT Act
D) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Question 24

National Security Letters (NSLs) are written demands from the ______ that compel Internet service providers, credit companies, financial institutions, and others to hand over confidential records about their customers.

A) Central Intelligence Agency
B) Federal Bureau of Investigation
C) Federal Communications Commission
D) National Security Agency

Question 25

Which of the following statements pertaining to National Security Letters (NSLs) is true?

A) They do not require court approval.
B) They are demands from the CIA.
C) They are used to compel everyday citizens to provide information.
D) Their scope is limited.

Question 26

Which of the following entities is responsible for authorizing the use of drones?

A) Federal Bureau of Investigation
B) Transportation Security Administration
C) Federal Aviation Administration
D) Department of Homeland Security

Question 27

______ are aircraft without a human pilot on board that are controlled either by computers or remotely by an operator on the ground or in another vehicle.

A) drones
B) robots
C) vehicle cameras
D) helicopters

Question 28

______ has long been associated with crime analysis and is a process that uses a geographic information system to conduct spatial analyses of crime problems and other police issues.

A) GIS pinpointing
B) Hot mapping
C) Crime mapping
D) Crime analysis

Question 29

______ is the systematic study of crime and disorder problems to assist police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation.

A) Crime mapping
B) Crime analysis
C) Hot-spot detection
D) GIS pinpointing

Question 30

Which is the primary function of density analysis maps?

A) to enable law enforcement to pinpoint hot spots of criminal activity
B) to locate the position on the body of a criminal offender most susceptible to pain
C) to locate where the population is most concentrated within a city
D) to enable citizens to locate police officers

Question 31

______ can reveal areas of elevated crime activity and also can be used to perform geographic profiling.

A) Crime maps
B) Density analysis maps
C) Robots
D) Drones

Question 32

CrimeStat allows police to do all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) identify and analyze hot spots within larger areas
B) track offender behavior over time
C) anticipate a serial offender's next move
D) plot crime incidents on a map

Question 33

All of the following are known biological identifiers EXCEPT for ______.

A) footprint identification
B) DNA
C) fingerprint identification
D) facial recognition

Question 34

All of the following can be used to generate a DNA profile EXCEPT for ______.

A) blood
B) fragments of bone
C) hair strands
D) microbes on cell phones

Question 35

Which of the following was identified as possibly replacing DNA analysis?

A) fingerprinting
B) bacterial forensics
C) facial recognition
D) infrared scanning

Question 36

Photo radar typically records all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) location
B) date
C) time
D) weather

Question 37

"Certification of the device as acceptable in the jurisdiction in question" is a rule (among other rules listed in the textbook) that must be applied in order to use ______.

A) LPR
B) IAFIS
C) body armor
D) laser radar

Question 38

A ______ is a semiautomated technique used for determining the speed of a moving vehicle.

A) visual average speed computer recorder
B) electronic non-radar detection device
C) laser radar
D) photo radar

Question 39

The______ speed detection system uses infrared beams to measure a car's speed as it passes through a three-foot-long section of road.

A) visual average speed computer recorder
B) electronic non-radar detection device
C) laser radar
D) photo radar

Question 40

Approximately ______ of police officers wear body armor.

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 67%
D) 71%

Question 41

______ hope(s) to develop an advanced infantry uniform that integrates nanotechnology, exoskeletons, and liquid body armor by 2020.

A) The FBI
B) The army
C) Chicago Police Department
D) United Nations and INTERPOL

Question 42

Which of the following consists of a lightweight composite device that attaches to the legs and augments the strength of the person wearing the uniform?

A) helmet
B) warrior psychological status monitoring system
C) exoskeleton
D) liquid body armor

Question 43

Which of the following contains sensors that monitor the heart rate, blood pressure, and hydration of the person wearing them?

A) helmet
B) warrior psychological status monitoring system
C) exoskeleton
D) liquid body armor

Question 44

______ energy devices involve technology that uses radiated energy to achieve similar effects to blunt force, but with a lower probability of injury. In many cases, this device stimulates nerve endings, which causes intolerable discomfort to the person but no lasting or long-term effects.

A) Directed
B) Conducted
C) LED
D) Chemical

Question 45

______ involve(s) a variety of products that are employed to physically restrain or impede the movement of an individual.

A) Hypnotic spray agents
B) Calmative agents
C) Physical restraints
D) Lethal force

Question 46

The federal government has invested in a ______ that emits a sonic pulse; when a knife or gun is present, the pulse is reflected, triggering an alarm and a light.

A) sonar pulsator
B) weapons reader
C) weapons detector
D) photo radar

Question 47

All of the following are circumstances in which less-than-lethal force is most often utilized EXCEPT for ______.

A) when lethal force is not appropriate
B) when lethal force is justified but lesser force may successfully subdue the subject
C) when lethal force is justified but could cause collateral effects, such as injury to innocent bystanders
D) when lethal force is justified but only in certain circumstances

Question 48

______ involve(s) devices such as Tasers and stun guns.

A) Directed energy devices
B) Conducted energy devices
C) Vehicle-stopping technology
D) Chemicals

Question 49

Foam and nets are examples of ______.

A) chemicals
B) barriers
C) blunt force
D) calmative agents

Question 50

Officers use computers to access a number of databases, to fill out paperwork, and to record witness statements while they are still at the scene.

Question 51

Computer-aided dispatch (CAD) in patrol vehicles has been one of the most important technological tools for patrol officers since the introduction of radio communications.

Question 52

Psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD), previously referred to as a polygraph or lie detector, is another evolving technology.

Question 53

The Pentagon issued handheld PDDs to U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan to screen local police officers, interpreters, and allied forces for access to U.S. military bases.

Question 54

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is being tried as a method of detecting deception.

Question 55

CCTV (closed-circuit television) records stoplight violations at intersections.

Question 56

Graffiti cameras (talking surveillance cameras) warn intruders to leave the area and that their photograph has been obtained.

Question 57

Opponents of video cameras say they are a violation of police officers' rights.

Question 58

The use of body-worn cameras is controversial.

Question 59

President Obama was an opponent of body-worn camera use amongst police officers.

Question 60

Research on the effectiveness of police body-worn cameras is mixed.

Question 61

Footage from body-worn cameras shows only one view, and thus, can be left open to interpretation.

Question 62

A major challenge posed by the use of police body-worn cameras is how to protect the identities of bystanders and victims of crime.

Question 63

Some observers are using mobile phone cameras as a step toward preventing unwanted police behavior, not only to prove it.

Question 64

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of California has developed an application for mobile phones that allows citizens to record police actions. The recorded video goes directly to an ACLU server that stores the footage even if the phone is destroyed.

Question 65

Wiretapping originated after the invention of the modern telephone, when telegraph wires were literally tapped to intercept communications.

Question 66

It was not until the 1990s that the requirement that police personnel obtain a court order to listen in on private conversations (under most circumstances) came into existence.

Question 67

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) is a wiretapping regulation, which protects email, pagers, and cell phone calls.

Question 68

The USA PATRIOT Act expanded the ability to tap telephones and track Internet usage in the hunt for terrorists.

Question 69

National Security Letters (NSLs), which are written demands from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), compel Internet service providers, credit companies, financial institutions, and others to hand over confidential records about their customers.

Question 70

The Digital Collection System Network (DCSNet) connects FBI wiretapping rooms to switches controlled by traditional land-line operators, Internet-telephone providers, and cellular companies.

Question 71

License plate recognition (LPR) systems help police fight motor vehicle theft and identify unregistered cars, and it may be of use in AMBER Alert searches as well.

Question 72

Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) uses optical character recognition to read the license plates on vehicles.

Question 73

Internet protocol (IP) cameras are basically mobile phone cameras that use the Internet to transmit image data and control signals over cell phones.

Question 74

IP camera networks can also be used to monitor employees in cases involving theft, involving compliance with regulatory requirements, and where employees are suspected of conspiring to commit crimes or acts of terrorism.

Question 75

The use of drones by law enforcement and private citizens is neither questioned nor unconstitutional.

Question 76

Exoskeleton lightweight composite devices attach to the legs and augment the strength of the person wearing the uniform.

Question 77

WikiCrimes is available both to members of law enforcement and to civilians.

Question 78

Approximately 356 prisoners have been exonerated by DNA.

Question 79

The downfall of DNA is that it can be used to identify a criminal only within a year after the crime was committed.

Question 80

DNA can be obtained from hair.