Deck 11: Observation, Ethnography, and Participatory Action Research

Question 1

David Rosenhan's study involved him and seven colleagues engaging in complete participant roles in a mental hospital in ______ roles.

A) pseudo-patient
B) pseudo-psychiatrist
C) pseudo-physician
D) pseudo-visitor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a ______, the observer does not reveal to others that they are a researcher.

A) participant observer
B) complete observer
C) complete participant
D) participant researcher

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Festinger's study on a doomsday group involved research team members joining the group and observing from the inside. This is an example of ______.

A) covert observation
B) complete observation
C) partial participation
D) participant research

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Alvin joins a fraternity to observe college Greek culture as part of his senior thesis project, he does not disclose his research intent to his fraternity brothers. What type of research role is Alvin engaging in?

A) covert observer
B) complete observer
C) complete participant
D) covert participant

Question 5

Researchers who identify themselves as being engaged in observational research are engaging in a ______ role.

A) overt observation
B) complete observer
C) complete participant
D) participant researcher

Question 6

Mark invites engaged couples to a lab to observe them discussing wedding plans. The couples know they are being observed for research and their conversation is atypical due to ______.

A) heightened awareness
B) reactivity
C) discomfort
D) novel stimuli

Question 7

Level of reactivity is reduced during longer observational periods for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.

A) rapport is established
B) novel stimuli fades into the background
C) the observation becomes more structured
D) inability to maintain a false front

Question 8

______ refers to a manual that outlines the rules that will be used to structure the coding of textual, visual, or audio observations in a manner that helps to improve the validity and reliability of the coding classifications made.

A) Classification manual
B) Observation rule book
C) Research manual
D) Coding scheme

Question 9

With ______ the researcher observes the participant and notes each time a predetermined criterion behavior occurs.

A) sign systems
B) category systems
C) criterion coding
D) behavior systems

Question 10

Betty is observing baseball players to see how often they spit during the game. She notes every time they spit. Which coding scheme system is being used to code this behavior?

A) sign systems
B) category systems
C) criterion coding
D) behavior systems

Question 11

A ______ is better suited if you are interested in the number of times a behavior is displayed, whereas a ______ is better suited if you are interested in the temporal flow of the behavior throughout the day.

A) sign systems; behavior systems
B) sign systems; category systems
C) criterion coding; sign systems
D) criterion coding; category systems

Question 12

______ refers to the understandings that exist within a social group.

A) Insider knowledge
B) Exoc
C) Etic
D) Emic

Question 13

______ refers to understandings from the outside, that is, the observer's perspective.

A) Insider knowledge
B) Exoc
C) Etic
D) Emic

Question 14

According to Lofland everything we call social science addresses one of three questions. Which is NOT one of the three questions?

A) What are the causes of a social phenomenon.
B) What is the social phenomenon.
C) What are the characteristics of a social phenomenon.
D) What are the consequences of a social phenomenon.

Question 15

______ notes are hunches, hypotheses, poststructuralist connections, critiques of what I am doing/thinking/seeing.

A) Methodological
B) Personal
C) Theoretical
D) Observation

Question 16

Learning the activities of people in the natural setting through observing or participating in those activities is referred to as all the following EXCEPT ______.

A) participant observation
B) participatory action research
C) ethnography
D) field research

Question 17

______ combines the self-reflection of autobiography with the cultural analysis that is integral to ethnography.

A) Ethnobiography
B) Autoethnography
C) New ethnographies
D) Cultural biographies

Question 18

The goal of ______ is to understand the relationship between societal structures and ideological patterns of thought that limit our ability to confront and change unjust social systems.

A) societal ethnographers
B) critical ethnographers
C) new ethnographers
D) cultural ethnographers

Question 19

Participatory action research was linked to the following trends below EXCEPT ______.

A) the radical and reformist approaches to international economic development assistance
B) the view of adult education as an empowering alternative to traditional approaches to education
C) the ongoing debate within the social sciences over the dominant social science paradigm
D) the ongoing debate within women's studies about the gender wage pay gap.

Question 20

Researchers who engage in research in communities they have no connection to and extract data and disappear are engaging in ______ research.

A) participatory action research (PAR)
B) disconnected research
C) community research
D) hit and run research

Question 21

______ researchers who share political values with an organized group of people they study and serving their interest by doing research that helps advocate for their cause.

A) Cultural critique
B) Activist
C) Parachute
D) Ethnographic

Question 22

______ a researcher whose main primary political allegiance is to the academy, and to the knowledge from research, not to the relationship established with the organized group of people being studied.

A) Cultural critique
B) Activist
C) Parachute
D) Ethnographic

Question 23

Krystal is a researcher and an advocate for healthcare reform, her research on health disparities is used to advocate for this cause. What type of researcher is Krystal?

A) cultural critique
B) activist
C) parachute
D) ethnographic

Question 24

While Regan is interested in minimizing oppression, her main research interest is in contributing to the body of knowledge for the academy. What type of researcher is Regan?

A) cultural critique
B) activist
C) parachute
D) ethnographic

Question 25

______ is the pressures to require a unanimous position by a group, which may mask the diversity of the group and cause the perspectives of some members of the community to be suppressed.

A) Consensus tyranny
B) Community diversity
C) Participant tyranny
D) Community tyranny

Question 26

When researchers posed as pseudo-patients in a mental hospital only the real patients recognized that they weren't schizophrenic.

Question 27

There are no ethical concerns in observational research.

Question 28

Adults forget the presence of an observer quicker than children do.

Question 29

The reliability of the category coding scheme is the extent of inter-rater agreement.

Question 30

What people do is not of interest to social and health scientists

Question 31

All researchers subscribe to the "traditional" continuum of roles from "complete participant" to "complete observer."

Question 32

Critical ethnography begins with an ethical responsibility to address processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived domain.

Question 33

Parachute research is an exploitative research activity.

Question 34

Summarize the relationship between the observer and the observed and discuss the traditional continuum of roles in observational studies.

Question 35

Compare and contrast the different coding schemes in observational research and discuss the appropriate time to use each system.

Question 36

Summarize the role of culture in ethnography and discuss the different types of ethnography.

Question 37

Summarize the idea of hit and run research and discuss the potential implications in engaging in research in this manner.

Question 38

Compare and contrast "cultural critique" vs "activist research" and discuss the advantages and disadvantages to each approach.

Question 39

Consider the role of relationships in field research and identify a group that you currently do not have a connection with (e.g., toddlers in South America) and propose a research question (e.g., how much exercise is normal for this demographic?). Discuss how you will gain access to this group and how and what you may observe them doing. Be sure to include the level of structure you would desire for the study and discuss the different components to consider in the design of this observational study.

Question 40

Mona is engaging in observation research of the romantic lives of celebrities, she is filming their interactions over the course of a year. The participants are aware of the filming and know that an edited version of the year will be released in a popular television series. How much should Mona be concerned about reactivity and can Mona minimize reactivity in this context.