Deck 14: Patterns, Processes, and Foreign Policymaking

Question 1

Contending with a complex world was made easier by ______.

A) American leadership
B) the clarity of the threat context
C) the crisis atmosphere
D) the broad Cold War consensus

Answer 1

D

Question 2

During the period in which the consensus was ______, debate in the U.S.US tended to be more about ______.

A) strongest; narrow policy tactics
B) strongest; broader strategy or purposes
C) weakest; narrow policy tactics
D) weakest; broader strategy or purposes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The consensus generated substantial societal support for a/an ______ policy orientation.

A) isolationist
B) internationalist
C) nationalist
D) protectionist

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During the Cold War, power became increasingly concentrated within the ______.

A) White House and national security bureaucracy
B) Congress and White House
C) foreign policy establishment and political groups
D) political groups and media

Question 5

Which of the following cracked the clarity and consensus of the Cold War context?

A) the Bay of Pigs fiasco
B) the Cuban Missile Crisis
C) the Vietnam War
D) the Korean War

Question 6

The Cold War ended in ______.

A) 1971
B) 1983
C) 1989
D) 1991

Question 7

Which of the following factors affected the post-Cold War politics and processes of U.S.US foreign policymaking?

A) increased interest in world affairs on the part of many Americans
B) multiplying interest, voices, and agendas
C) a decrease in the importance of economics and issues of prosperity and economic security
D) an increased emphasis on national security

Question 8

The ambiguity in the threat-interest-cost equation intensified the tendency in the American public toward ______ concerning international involvement.

A) sureness
B) consistency
C) acceptance
D) ambivalence

Question 9

Which of the following raised the stakes for domestic interests?

A) isolationism
B) independence
C) globalization
D) protectionism

Question 10

The political environment that has prevailed since Vietnam has been ______.

A) fragmented and pluralist
B) centralized and unitarist
C) disjointed and centralized
D) decentralized and unitarist

Question 11

Which of the following governmental players has the ability to set the agenda and seize the initiative, mobilize opinion, and force the legislature to react?

A) the White House
B) the foreign policy bureaucracy
C) the media
D) Congress

Question 12

Which of the following governmental players is in a position to shape the formulation of policy by performing much of the generation and consideration of policy alternatives?

A) the media
B) foreign policy bureaucracy
C) Congress
D) the White House

Question 13

What is the primary role of the foreign policy bureaucracy?

A) agenda setting
B) evaluation
C) formulation
D) implementation

Question 14

Hierarchy, specialization, and routinization are the central characteristics of ______.

A) the White House
B) Congress
C) the foreign policy bureaucracy
D) interest groups

Question 15

Congress is limited by which of the following structural characteristics?

A) hierarchy
B) centralization
C) segmentation of information
D) routinization

Question 16

Which of the following governmental players has access to potentially potent avenues of influence?

A) Congress
B) interest groups
C) the White House
D) the foreign policy bureaucracy

Question 17

Which of the following governmental players has the power of the purse?

A) the White House
B) interest groups
C) Congress
D) the foreign policy bureaucracy

Question 18

The complex politics of U.S.US foreign policy ______.

A) speeds up the process and makes it easier to produce policy
B) ensures politicization and the need for bargaining, persuasion, and compromise
C) it makes stalemate difficult
D) it does not allow for conflict and contradictory actions

Question 19

Which of the following reduced the gap between foreign and domestic policy?

A) expanding interdependence
B) routinization
C) dissensus
D) declining intermestic issues

Question 20

______ is based on the premise that some foreign policy is made and conducted primarily in the mid to lower levels of the executive branch.

A) White House leadership
B) Congressional leadership
C) Bureaucratic leadership
D) Interbranch politics

Question 21

______ is based on the premise that the avenues of influence afforded by the Constitution, the law, and practice give ______ their own opportunities to shape foreign policy.

A) Congressional leadership; Congress
B) White House leadership; high-level officials
C) Bureaucratic leaderships; bureaucrats
D) Interbranch politics; all three governmental circles

Question 22

Which of the following strains sometimes satisfies no group completely and contains inherent contradictions?

A) cooperation
B) constructive compromise
C) institutional competition
D) confrontation and stalemate

Question 23

According to the authors, since Vietnam, the conditions and incentives for interbranch politics have ______.

A) significantly decreased
B) substantially increased
C) declined
D) remained the same

Question 24

The nature and extent of ______ is highly conditional on public opinion, the nature of the policy process, converging or diverging policy preferences, etc.

A) congressional leadership
B) White House leadership
C) bureaucratic leadership
D) interbranch politics

Question 25

In general, members of Congress have ______.

A) have been less deferential to the White House in foreign policy after the Cold War
B) have less opportunities to affect foreign policy since the end of the Cold War
C) had more opportunities to affect foreign policy during the Cold War
D) have been more deferential to the White House in foreign policy during the Cold War

Question 26

______ is likely to be rare for the life of a policy.

A) White House leadership
B) Bureaucratic leadership
C) Congressional leadership
D) Interbranch politics

Question 27

______ can force policy adjustments, stalemate, and wider institutional action.

A) The White House
B) Bureaucracies
C) Congress
D) Interest groups

Question 28

Which of the following types of leadership is most common when the attention of the other two leaderships is the least?

A) bureaucratic leadership
B) congressional leadership
C) White House leadership
D) interbranch politics

Question 29

Incrementalism and fragmentation are classic characteristics of ______.

A) congressional leadership
B) interbranch politics
C) bureaucratic leadership
D) White House leadership

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a policy instrument?

A) centralization
B) diplomacy
C) crisis
D) fragmentation

Question 31

Which of the following can "enhance ofr detract from White House leadership"?

A) presidential style and management
B) nature of presidential advisors
C) politics
D) presidential life cycle

Question 32

According to the authors, which of the following presidential actions are more susceptible to influence by Congress?

A) diplomacy
B) executive agreements
C) trade agreements
D) some aspects of military action

Question 33

The White House plays a vital role in ______.

A) implementation
B) formulation
C) agenda-setting
D) evaluation

Question 34

Which of the following president roles is considered to be less formal than the others?

A) chief diplomat
B) commander-in-chief
C) chief executive
D) chief communicator

Question 35

Which of the following roles is considered to be more formal than the others?

A) chief communicator
B) chief legislator
C) chief diplomat
D) chief lobbyist

Question 36

The commonly held view that presidents make foreign policy in the United States is a gross oversimplification.

Question 37

The Shifting Leadership and Politics framework recognizes the complex and messy politics of the U.S.US foreign policy process.

Question 38

The Cold War context really fostered White House-dominated foreign policy and processes.

Question 39

When it comes to politics of U.S.US foreign policy, what seems to exist, is a post-Cold War consensus.

Question 40

Consensus has become a rare commodity since the Vietnam War.

Question 41

Identify the most important pattern of the past seventy 70 years or so.

Question 42

What was the common theme across all of the chapters?

Question 43

What are some examples of congressional signaling?

Question 44

How do members of Congress exert influence through non-legislative or other less-direct means?

Question 45

The nature and extent of interbranch politics is highly conditional on what factors?