Deck 9: Gender Stratification: Shehewho Goes First

Question 1

About 1 in 1,500 babies are born with ambiguous genitalia, and are otherwise known as ______.

A) transgender
B) intersex
C) agender
D) multisex

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In 2017, ______ became the first state to allow residents to attain a new birth certificate in a non-binary gender designation.

A) Illinois
B) California
C) Nevada
D) Florida

Answer 2

B

Question 3

______ refers to culturally shaped meanings both of sexual acts and of how we experience our own bodies-especially in relation to the bodies of others.

A) Gender
B) Sexuality
C) Sex
D) Sexual orientation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The socially constructed meanings associated with being male and female and how individuals construct their identity within these constraints is referred to as ______.

A) sex
B) gender
C) sex status
D) sexuality

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE of gender roles?

A) Gender roles are socially constructed.
B) Gender roles are not related to sex-determined statuses.
C) Gender roles are independent of time and social context.
D) Gender roles are consistent throughout the world.

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE of the way men and women tend to use language?

A) Men view tag questions as an invitation to collaborate.
B) Women often end sentences with tag questions.
C) Women prefer more discussion of objects and impersonal topics.
D) Men use more words related to psychological and social processes.

Question 7

Ethan is partaking in the religious ritual of a bar mitzvah. This event is considered to be a ______ at the meso-level of society.

A) rite of passage
B) resocialization ritual
C) passage ritual
D) rite of socialization

Question 8

When we consider the national and global level, we witness ______ inequity between the sexes separate from any form of personal prejudice or animosity towards women.

A) individualized
B) institutionalized
C) ritualized
D) socialized

Question 9

Which of the following countries has the lowest percentage of women in the national parliament or congress?

A) Denmark
B) Norway
C) the United States
D) Rwanda

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE of gender socialization in infancy in the United States?

A) Learning how to carry out gender roles begins later in childhood.
B) For as long as the United States has existed as a nation, pink has been considered a feminine color and blue has been considered a masculine color.
C) Because gender stereotypes have declined in recent years, they have little effect on the way we handle and treat male and female infants.
D) Prior to the 20th century, girls and boys were dressed in frilly dresses from infancy until they were about six.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE of gender socialization in childhood?

A) Girls receive more encouragement than girls to be independent and exploratory.
B) Fathers tend to use more language related to achievement with sons.
C) More pressure is put on girls to behave in "gender-appropriate ways, with an emphasis on achievement, autonomy, and aggression.
D) Fathers tend to use more language associated with feelings with sons.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about naming is TRUE?

A) Girls are more often given strong, hard names that end in consonants.
B) Boys are often given masculinized versions of girls' names.
C) A common name for males may, for a time, be given to either sex, then preferred for girls.
D) Boys are more likely to given names with vowel endings.

Question 13

Females presented in books, video games, television shows tend to show women in stereotypical roles. Which of the following is a common portrayal?

A) women as sexually alluring
B) women as rescuers
C) women in managerial roles
D) women as supportive of each other

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE of video games?

A) When women have spoken out about the stereotypical portrayal, their criticisms have generally been well received by men in the gaming world.
B) More girls play video games alone than boys.
C) Teen boys are more likely to play role-playing games than teen girls.
D) For teen girls, video games become key elements in friendships.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding raises and promotions?

A) Men are 10% more likely than women to ask for a raise or promotion.
B) Women are more likely than men to be granted a raise or promotion when requested.
C) Women are 30% more likely than men to be told they are "bossy" or "aggressive" when asking for a raise or promotion.
D) More female managers than male managers deny women raises and promotions.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding children and dieting?

A) Teenage girls are more likely to use steroids to help achieve their desired body weight.
B) Adolescent boys are more prone to dieting, bingeing, and purging.
C) Nearly 80% of 17-year-old girls have issues with their bodies.
D) About 25% of 10-year-olds have dieted.

Question 17

One key reason boys' educational attainment has fallen behind girls in general relates to ______.

A) differences in ability
B) differences in career goals
C) how tests are written
D) how boys and girls spend their time

Question 18

Title IX of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 mandates equal ______.

A) opportunity for participation in school-sponsored programs
B) per-student spending across all 50 states
C) opportunity in hiring decisions
D) encouragement in math and science education

Question 19

The three monotheistic religions-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam-are traditionally ______.

A) matriarchal
B) patriarchal
C) egalitarian
D) gender neutral

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE of the gender wage gap?

A) It no longer exists.
B) It only exists in certain male-dominated occupations.
C) There is a larger pay gap in traditionally female occupations.
D) Women now earn, on average, 80 cents for every dollar earned by men.

Question 21

Which of the following sociological concepts refers to societal forces that move men up the job ladder to the higher echelons, especially in traditionally female occupations?

A) glass escalator
B) glass floor
C) glass elevator
D) glass ceiling

Question 22

According to The Economist, which of the following countries has among the best conditions for working women?

A) Turkey
B) Finland
C) Japan
D) the United States

Question 23

Although newer literature tends to reflect expansion in the roles of males and females, the classic books that fill libraries portray stricter gender roles, perpetuating gender inequality. This is an example of which of the following?

A) prejudice
B) scapegoating
C) past-in-present discrimination
D) side-effect discrimination

Question 24

The idea that gender is socially constructed is a central tenet of which of the following theories?

A) feminist theory
B) conflict theory
C) structural-functional theory
D) symbolic interaction theory

Question 25

According to symbolic interactionists, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Humans passively adopt cultural notions about gender.
B) When children are in ambiguous situations, they rarely define their sex as the most relevant trait.
C) Humans do gender.
D) Notions of proper gender behavior are intrinsically related to a person's sex.

Question 26

The idea that each sex plays a complementary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society is a central tenet of which of the following theories?

A) conflict theory
B) feminist theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) structural-functional theory

Question 27

The understanding that men maintain control over institutions and resources by keeping women in traditional gender roles is characteristic of ______.

A) conflict theory
B) symbolic interaction theory
C) structural-functional theory
D) rational choice theory

Question 28

Feminist theories argue that Marx and Engels failed to consider which of the following variables in women's oppression?

A) inheritance traditions
B) power struggles
C) capitalism
D) patriarchy

Question 29

Racism and sexism can reinforce each other and lead to what is referred to as the double ______ of women of color.

A) subjugation
B) consciousness
C) marginalization
D) awareness

Question 30

______ is an assumption that every person is heterosexual, legitimizing heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle and marginalizing persons who do not identify as heterosexual.

A) Homophobia
B) Heterosexism
C) Heterophobia
D) Xenophobia

Question 31

Which of the following is TRUE of homophobia?

A) It is the assumption that every person is heterosexual.
B) It operates at all levels of society: micro, meso, and macro.
C) It is highly correlated with and perhaps a cause of people holding contemporary notions of gender and gender roles.
D) The term was coined by a psychologist who noticed the intense hatred of gay people is due to a personality disorder or illness.

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE regarding attitudes about same-sex relationships in the United States?

A) Generation X is most supportive of same-sex marriage.
B) A higher percentage of White evangelical Protestants support same-sex marriage than mainline Protestants.
C) All states must honor same sex marriages.
D) Most states prohibit employers from firing workers based on their sexual identity.

Question 33

According to a study by The Centers for Disease Control and the University of Georgia, ______ in males has been correlated with anxiety, guilt, neuroses, and poor health outcomes.

A) high masculinity
B) less rigid masculine expectations
C) open-mindedness
D) assertiveness

Question 34

Social divisiveness-us versus-them thinking based on sex-can create which of the following?

A) social solidarity
B) alienation
C) cohesion
D) relativism

Question 35

An individual's sex is socially constructed.

Question 36

Sexuality is biologically determined.

Question 37

Gender is socially constructed.

Question 38

The nation with the highest percentage of women in the national parliament or congress is Rwanda.

Question 39

Gender stereotypes in the United States are more rigid than in the past.

Question 40

Girls receive more encouragement than boys to be independent and exploratory.

Question 41

While both boys and girls play video games, gaming tends to become a key element in establishing and maintaining friendships for girls.

Question 42

In societies where math is considered gender neutral, the achievement of girls in the subject is on par with the achievement of boys.

Question 43

The glass ceiling refers to processes that limit the progress of women and other minorities from reaching the highest job or status positions.

Question 44

The participation of women in the workforce in the United States is the highest it has ever been.

Question 45

Sexual harassment training in the workplace tends to be effective.

Question 46

The most effective strategy to combat sexual harassment in the workplace is to promote more women, thereby institutionalizing gender equity.

Question 47

When men and women have identical levels of experience and training, the gender pay gap disappears.

Question 48

Confusion over proper masculine and feminine roles can create anxiety and even anomie.

Question 49

A sociologist is studying the way that female football players construct their gender identities. The sociologist is most likely using structural-functional theory as a theoretical framework.

Question 50

We "do gender" when we attempt to analyze the gender socialization process.

Question 51

Conflict theorists view gender relations through the lens of human agency.

Question 52

Homophobia is a micro-level concept.

Question 53

Men are less likely to seek help when they have an eating disorder, which can lead to serious health problems, including death.

Question 54

Define the term sexuality. Is sexuality biological or socially constructed? Explain.

Question 55

Describe the difference between gender and sex.

Question 56

Compare and contrast how boys and girls are trained to express aggression.

Question 57

Name one meso-level agent of socialization that teaches children about normalized gender roles. How does this agent socialize children into masculine or feminine roles?

Question 58

In 1999, the participation of women in the workforce reached 74%. Today it is 5% lower. Why has it declined over the past 20 years?

Question 59

What should be done to reduce sexual harassment in the workplace?

Question 60

What is side-effect gender discrimination? Provide an example.

Question 61

What is past-in-present gender discrimination? Provide an example

Question 62

What do sociologists mean by doing gender? Describe an instance in which you or a close friend did gender.

Question 63

How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels explain gender stratification?

Question 64

How do most feminist theorists respond to the work of Marx and Engels?

Question 65

Why do some feminist theorists look at the interaction of class, race, and gender?

Question 66

Compare and contrast homophobia and heterosexism. Provide examples.

Question 67

Discuss the public acceptance of LGBTQIA Americans over the years in the United States. What factors have contributed the shifting status of LGBTQIA individuals?

Question 68

What are some societal costs of gender role expectations? Provide at least two examples.