Deck 3: The Reformations

Question 1

_________ had difficulty fitting into traditional Christianity.

A) Nobles
B) Scholars and the intellectual elite
C) Peasants
D) The literate urban middle class
E) Christian theologians

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The key premise of Martin Luther's theology was ________.

A) salvation by faith alone
B) the need to end the practice of indulgences
C) transubstantiation
D) anticlericalism
E) predestination

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In 1529, Landgrave Philip of Hesse's 1529 held a conference in Marburg in an attempt to unite the various reform movements in Germany and Switzerland. The conference failed to do so because the key players Luther and Zwingli could not agree on ________.

A) the number of sacraments
B) whether religious officials should be allowed to marry or if they should remain celibate
C) what happened to bread and wine during the sacrament of the Lord's Supper
D) what age people should be baptized
E) the position of saints in the broader theology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

After he left France in 1534, John Calvin ended up in ________ where he helped establish a model Calvinist city.

A) Strasbourg
B) Geneva
C) Zurich
D) Berlin
E) Rome

Question 5

Henry VIII's Reformation Parliament (1529-1536) was responsible for severing the ties between England and Rome. Henry VIII chose to use Parliament to bring about the English Reformation because ________.

A) Thomas Cromwell believed that Parliament would follow Henry's wishes
B) it would demonstrate that Henry had the support of his subjects
C) Anne Boleyn had more supporters in Parliament than Catherine of Aragon
D) only Parliament could make laws relating to religious changes
E) English democracy demanded the king gain Parliament's approval in all matters

Question 6

Mary Tudor's reign in England (1554-1558) witnessed one rebellion. ________ caused that rebellion.

A) The execution of Thomas Cranmer in 1556
B) The passing of legislation that made England Catholic again
C) Her decision to marry Prince Philip of Spain
D) The religious persecution and execution of Protestant martyrs
E) The publication of John Foxe's Acts and Monuments (better known as The Book of Martyrs)

Question 7

The ________ met over the course of 18 years (1545-1563) and was the centrepiece of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A) Council of Trent
B) Second Vatican Council
C) Council of Constance
D) Council of Nicaea
E) Council of Rome

Question 8

________ order was central to Catholic revival and resurgence during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

A) The Dominican
B) The Franciscan
C) The Discalced Carmelite
D) The Jesuit
E) The Benedictine

Question 9

The most prominent Christian humanist was ________.

A) Thomas More
B) Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros
C) Erasmus of Rotterdam
D) Johannes Reuchlin
E) Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Question 10

Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous because their practice of ________ threatened the foundations of the social order and denied the relationship between the state and its official church.

A) polygamy
B) pacifism
C) adult baptism
D) pelagianism
E) refusal to serve the state in any capacity

Question 11

For people in the Middle Ages, one was a Christian based on what he or she believed rather than his or her actions.

Question 12

The Italian humanists were all atheists, while northern humanists were explicitly Christian.

Question 13

According to Erasmus, true religion was to be found in the love of God and one's neighbours rather than in Church institutions and the sacraments.

Question 14

Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516) as the blueprint for a model society.

Question 15

Although he is responsible for breaking the unity of Christendom, that was not Martin Luther's original intention.

Question 16

Luther's Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (the "Ninety-Five Theses") was not a revolutionary manifesto.

Question 17

Following the 1521 Diet of Worms, Martin Luther lost the support of Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony.

Question 18

Martin Luther was a vocal proponent of the peasant revolts in 1524 and helped author the "Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants."

Question 19

By the middle of the sixteenth century, Calvinism had established itself as the most dominant European Protestant movement.

Question 20

In 1534, Anabaptists took over the city of Münster, where some leaders attempted to speed along the Second Coming of Christ.

Question 21

According to Calvin's theory of predestination, God chose some individuals for salvation and others for damnation.

Question 22

Relying on his Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, Edward VI attempted to return England to Catholicism.

Question 23

There were no significant attempts at church reform before Luther's attack on indulgences and the Protestant Reformation.

Question 24

The Consilium de emendada ecclesium (Council for improving the Church) focused its efforts on criticizing Protestant reformers and the lack of piety amongst church officials.

Question 25

The Roman Inquisition's attempts to pursue and punish heresy were limited because most rulers refused to grant it permission to operate in their territories.

Question 26

Both Protestant and Catholic reformers were concerned with purifying popular religious practices such as the veneration of saints.

Question 27

The three major goals of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) were education, foreign missions, and the reconversion of Protestants.

Question 28

The Spanish Inquisition condemned St. Teresa of Avila for her attempts to establish convents free from papal control.

Question 29

Dutch Calvinists supported the government's policy of practical toleration in the Dutch Republic.

Question 30

Luther's outrage over Johann Tetzel's claims over the power of indulgences led him to write his "Ninety-Five Theses."

Question 31

There had been calls for religious reform before the sixteenth century, but none of these had resulted in the fragmentation of Christendom. What factors set the stage for fragmentation rather than a preservation of religious unity?

Question 32

What were religious practices and beliefs like before the Protestant Reformation?

Question 33

Anticlericalism was a significant component in critiques of the pre-Reformation church. How valid were the claims of anticlericalism?

Question 34

What was Christian humanism?

Question 35

How did Christian humanists attempt to reform the Church and religious practices?

Question 36

What sorts of political circumstances conspired in Martin Luther's favour during his dispute with the Catholic Church?

Question 37

How did Zürich move away from the Catholic Church during its reformation?

Question 38

Why did Martin Luther oppose the Peasants' Revolt?

Question 39

Who were the Anabaptists?

Question 40

From the middle of the sixteenth century, Calvinism became the dominant Protestant movement in Europe. What were they key features of Calvinism?

Question 41

What role did the Consistory play in Calvinist Geneva?

Question 42

What made England's Reformation unique?

Question 43

Henry VIII may have started the English Reformation, but it was Edward VI who made it truly Protestant. How was Protestantism introduced under Edward VI?

Question 44

What were the key reforms and developments of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

Question 45

Why did Luther object to indulgences?

Question 46

Who were the Jesuits?

Question 47

How did women's position change after the Protestant Reformation?

Question 48

How did the Protestant Reformation contribute to the development of the modern state?

Question 49

After the Reformations, Christianity became a matter of what one believed rather than what one did. How were church teachings internalized?

Question 50

Why did people support the Protestant Reformation?

Question 51

Were the Catholic religious reforms of the sixteenth century a Counter-Reformation or a Catholic Reformation?

Question 52

Erasmus has often been charged with having "laid the egg that Luther hatched." Is this an accurate statement? Were Erasmus and other Christian humanists responsible for the Protestant Reformation?

Question 53

Should we refer to the Protestant Reformation as a reformation or reformations?

Question 54

Religion and politics were deeply intertwined in the sixteenth century. How did politics and political concerns shape the religious reformations of the sixteenth century?

Question 55

How did religious reforms affect women's position in sixteenth-century society?

Question 56

Many Protestant reformers argued that there was widespread support for their reforms. How accurate are these statements? Did people want a Protestant Reformation?

Question 57

How did Luther's attempt to debate the theory and practice of selling indulgences lead to the end of a united Christendom?

Question 58

How did Catholics respond to the threats of the Protestant Reformation during the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

Question 59

Why was there a need for religious uniformity in the sixteenth century?

Question 60

According to Heinrich Bullinger, "God opened the eyes of the governments by the revolt at Münster, and thereafter no one would trust even those Anabaptists who claimed to be innocent." Why were Anabaptists and other radical groups seen as a threat?