Deck 21: Regulating the Inner and Outer Domains: China and Japan, 1500-1800

Question 1

Two leaders who led the Manchus to military might by the seventeenth century were:

A) Nurhachi and Abahai
B) Kongxi and Abahai
C) Nurhachi and Liadong
D) Abahai and Wu Sangui

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The high point of the Qing dynasty was during the rule of

A) The Qianlong emperor
B) The Kangxi emperor
C) Matteo Ricci
D) Nurhachi

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The Shimabara Rebels were largely:

A) Peasants whose crops had been taken for taxes.
B) Workers who had been affiliated with the Dutch and Portuguese.
C) Urban workers and merchants whose property had been confiscated by samurai.
D) Samurai and Japanese Christians.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

There were ___ banner organizations:

A) 5
B) 10
C) 37
D) 8

Question 5

During the period between the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, China's population was reduced from about 100 million to about 60 million by:

A) The Mongol invasion
B) Banditry, fighting, and lingering effects of the Black Death
C) Constant wars with the Japanese
D) Raids by Western European navies

Question 6

In the commercial trade between Europe and China, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

A) The Qing dynasty incorporated the European merchants into the diplomatic system during the seventeenth century.
B) The British East India Company used its base at Calcutta to try to expand its operations in China.
C) The Qing dynasty tried to permit European trade only in the port of Guangzhou (known as Canton by Europeans).
D) The Qing were concerned that foreign traders were working with Ming loyalists against their rule.

Question 7

In the context of European trade with Asia, a "factory" is:

A) The place where Asian goods are manufactured for the European markets.
B) The diplomatic quarters in Beijing, called "factory" because they were headed up by a "factor."
C) The place where merchants, local agents, and other interested parties gathered to conduct business.
D) The place European merchants brought their wives and other family members to stay during the trading seasons.

Question 8

All of the following was true of the banner system EXCEPT:

A) The Chinese, as a conquered people, were not allowed to participate.
B) Developed for military and tax purposes.
C) Originally organized for mobile warriors.
D) The chief administrative tool of the Manchu leadership.

Question 9

In order to prevent any serious challenges to the samurai class's military role, the Tokugawa:

A) Prevented Christian missionaries from attempting to convert samurai families while granting them free access to peasants.
B) Prohibited samurai from depending too much on swordsmanship by requiring that they also practice with pistols and rifles.
C) Gave up firearms, ordering that they be seized and destroyed except for a few museum relics.
D) Prohibited the samurai from attacking merchants or peasant farmers in order to keep the tax base high.

Question 10

The Manchus who ruled China constituted about __% of the population:

A) 5
B) 2
C) 10
D) 15

Question 11

The "queue edict" mandated that:

A) Manchu females were forbidden to bind their feet.
B) Chinese men could continue wearing their hair in traditional styles, but could not be a part of the military banners if they did.
C) Chinese men had to adopt the Manchu style of shaving their entire heads.
D) Chinese men had to adopt the Manchu style of a shaved forehead with a long braid in back.

Question 12

Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, three powerful emperors of the Qing (a foreign, Manchu dynasty), strove to validate their reigns by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Supporting creative artists and poets even when they were unorthodox.
B) Being patrons of the arts.
C) Setting the tone in aesthetic matters.
D) Initiating mammoth cultural projects.

Question 13

All of the following is true of the Donglin Academy EXCEPT:

A) It was founded by philosophers who concluded that the Ming collapsed in part because of its retreat from practical politics.
B) It was devoted to reconstituting an activist Confucianism.
C) The scholars of the Academy avoiding arguing with the Court about any matters, believing a stable, self-assured government was the strongest.
D) It inspired the so-called Han learning movement, which sought to recover the original classic Confucianism.

Question 14

The Revolt of the Three Feudatories was crushed by:

A) Kangxi
B) Qianlong
C) Koxinga
D) Yongzheng

Question 15

The Japanese daimyo were:

A) A class of high-level bureaucrats.
B) Another term for the samurai.
C) Regional warlords.
D) The codes of honor that governed the behavior of samurai.

Question 16

The addition of important new food crops was an important factor in Chinese population growth, resulting in populations of:

A) About 60 million in 1368 to 150 million in 1600, and about 300 million by 1800.
B) About 60 million in 1368 to 100 million in 1500, to about 200 million by 1800.
C) About 60 million in 1368 to 200 million in 1500, to about 250 million by 1800.
D) About 60 million in 1368 to 75 million in 1500, to about 400 million by 1800.

Question 17

Which of the following is the proper chronological order?

A) Zheng He's nautical exploration, reign of the Kangxi emperor; Matteo Ricci reaches China; reign of the Qianlong emperor.
B) Reign of the Kangxi emperor; Zheng He's nautical explorations; reign of the Qianlong emperor; Matteo Ricci reaches China.
C) Zheng He's nautical explorations, Matteo Ricci reaches China, reign of the Kangxi Emperor; reign of the Qianlong emperor.
D) Matteo Ricci reaches China; rein of the Kangxi Emperor; Zheng He's nautical explorations, reign of the Qianlong emperor.

Question 18

All of the following are true of the single-whip system EXCEPT:

A) All families were placed into officially designated villages for tax purposes.
B) Each li, composed of 100 families, had a headman responsible for keeping tax records and labor dues.
C) The baojia system required families to register all members.
D) Each village was responsible directly to the Emperor or his Court designee, thus eliminating potentially dangerous rural aristocracies from developing.

Question 19

In regard to military might and technology, the Ming have been characterized in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) A military superpower.
B) Possessing technologically capable of producing thousands of cannon and handguns each year.
C) Reliant on diplomacy and negotiations in the best Confucian tradition.
D) On their way to developing a powerful navy.

Question 20

The Tokugawa attempt to conquer China in the late sixteenth century was led by:

A) Oda Nobunaga
B) Chikamatsu Monzaemon
C) Hongwu
D) Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question 21

The earliest Christian missionaries encountered by the Ming dynasty were:

A) The Jesuits and the Franciscans
B) The Jesuits and the Dominicans
C) The Franciscans and Dominicans
D) The Cistercians and the Franciscans

Question 22

All of the following are true about the "Rites Controversy" EXCEPT:

A) High officials in the Church considered the Jesuit liturgical and doctrinal adaptations to be a problem.
B) High officials in the Church disapproved of the Jesuits' use of tea and rice instead of wine and bread in the Chinese Christian Eucharist.
C) High officials in the Church disapproved of the Jesuits allowing Chinese Christians to continue their veneration of Confucius and maintenance of ancestral shrines.
D) High officials in the Church disapproved of the decrees of Kangxi and his successor Yongzheng that Chinese Christians must follow the Jesuit orthodoxy.

Question 23

The education of elite women…

A) Focused on cooking, cleaning, and rearing children.
B) Focused on training in sexual protocol.
C) Included training in Confucian decorum, writing essays, and reciting poetry.
D) Was intended to prepare them to assist their mothers-in-law in managing a household.

Question 24

Which of the following is the correct chronological order?

A) Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion.
B) Founding of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate; founding of the Ming Dynasty; the Shimabara Rebellion.
C) The Shimabara Rebellion, the founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate; the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the founding of the Qing Dynasty.
D) Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding the Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion; founding of the Qing Dynasty.

Question 25

After another doubling of its population by 1800, China moved toward what some historical demographers have called a high-level equilibrium trap, a condition in which:

A) A country's neighbors are trapped into accelerating the level of reproduction in order to keep up with a rival's burgeoning numbers.
B) Radical improvements in crops or technology is inevitable, given the large number of potential inventors.
C) A "one-child" policy leads to a demographic imbalance, in which baby girls outnumber baby boys by a factor of 2:1.
D) The land has reached its maximum potential for feeding a population, and the surplus population begins to starve.

Question 26

Dorgon crossed the Great Wall into China in 1642:

A) To defeat the Qing or "pure" dynasty in Beijing.
B) In defiance of the demands of Altaic-speaking peoples in his vicinity.
C) At the invitation of a Chinese general.
D) Only to be ambushed and defeated at the border by firm Ming resistance

Question 27

The conclusion that porcelain was the single most important commodity in the unfolding world commercial revolution between 1500 and 1800 is supported by all of the following except:

A) Skyrocketing demand for porcelain products in European countries.
B) The depiction of Muhammad's face on many of them, in spite of Islamic prohibitions.
C) The use of bulk cargoes of porcelain as ships' ballast.
D) The appearance of porcelain as home furnishings in almost all households of means.

Question 28

European manufacturers of porcelain:

A) Crafted their vases in red and white colors, in order to distinguish them from "china" ware.
B) Deliberately destroyed all china ware vessels that came to their ports, in order to avoid taxation on luxury goods.
C) Were able to replicate the Chinese process as early as 1610, when Meissen began production.
D) Imitated Chinese designs in porcelain before they could make their own.

Question 29

The Qing employed a "loose rein" or "using barbarians to check barbarians" in respect to the Mongols and the ____________ in the 1720s.

A) Japanese daimyo
B) Ming loyalists on Taiwan
C) Renegade Mencians
D) Tibetan Buddhists

Question 30

With the traditional threats from the borders now quashed, the reign of the __________ emperor, from 1736 to 1795, marked both the high point and the beginning of the decline of the Qing dynasty-and of imperial China itself.

A) Yongzheng
B) Kangxi
C) Qianlong
D) Dalai Lama

Question 31

Jesuit priests like Matteo Ricci and Ferdinand Verbiest:

A) Were murdered in a Qing backlash, as it attempted to "purify" China.
B) Used their expertise in the New Sciences to advise the imperial court.
C) Refused to dress like the Chinese, speak their language, or learn about their culture.
D) Focused their efforts on converting the poor, in contrast to Franciscan and Dominican missionaries.

Question 32

The Popes found Jesuit practices in China like ___________ problematic.

A) Demanding that Confucius be considered a false spirit who could mislead new converts
B) Depicting the Virgin Mary as a Chinese woman
C) Using tea and rice for the Eucharist instead of bread and wine
D) Welcoming Anglican priests to share their mission houses in Guangzhou

Question 33

The eighteenth century proved to be a boon time for all involved in the ____________ trade, and the British in particular increasingly viewed it as a valuable part of their growing commercial power.

A) Rice
B) Beijing
C) Canton
D) Cheese

Question 34

Some signs of economic stress were already present toward the end of Qianlong's reign, and chief among these was the problem of:

A) Women seeking careers, in defiance of Confucian decorum, and driving down wages.
B) Absentee landlordism.
C) Collection of tithes by Jesuit missionaries that went to the Popes in Rome.
D) Automation of farm equipment, leading to agricultural overproduction and crop wastage.

Question 35

By one estimate, in 1450 ________ of the Ming frontier military units had cannon, most of which were produced in arsenals like Junqiju.

A) Only three
B) All
C) One-third
D) One-half

Question 36

Kangxi's 13 _________, embodying maxims distilled in part from Zhu Xi's thought, became the official Qing creed from 1670 on.

A) Acknowledged philosophers
B) Sacred edicts
C) Big ideas
D) Disciples

Question 37

Qing philosophers based themselves at the Donglin Academy, founded in 1604, and devoted themselves to reconstituting an activist ________ based on rigorous self-cultivation and advising court officials.

A) Buddhism
B) Platonism
C) Catholicism
D) Confucianism

Question 38

In the fall of 1600, the back of the western coalition of daimyos was broken by the Tokugawa victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, near __________.

A) Kyoto
B) Nagasaki
C) Edo
D) Sendai

Question 39

The system devised under the Tokugawa bakufu ("_______", referring to the shogun's official status as the emperor's mobile deputy) was called sankin kotai, the "rule of alternate attendance".

A) "Loose rein"
B) "Seasonal control"
C) "Hostage government"
D) "Tent government"

Question 40

The position of the military aristocracy in Japan was:

A) Roughly equivalent to its counterpart in Chinese Confucianism.
B) Absolute and unquestioned, in all matters of life and death.
C) Responsible to a civilian commander-in-chief, appointed by a group of peasants
D) Considered incongruent with practitioners of the refined arts of painting and poetry.

Question 41

The items representing the artistic and aesthetic tastes of the court and the samurai were:

A) Too costly to have much influence on non-elites.
B) Too foreign and strange to the vast majority of the culturally sensitive middle classes.
C) Widely available to anyone who had the money and interest to afford them.
D) Widely rejected because of their overt militarism.

Question 42

The poetic form of haiku reached its golden age in the Tokugawa period, and the most renowned practitioner of the form, composed of ___-syllable couplets, was Matsuo Basho.

A) 12
B) 17
C) 20
D) 14

Question 43

"_______ learning" was especially prized in the Tokugawa period, with their representatives retaining yearly access to the shogunate and exerting influence on prominent Japanese intellectual.

A) Jesuit
B) Chinese
C) Dutch
D) British

Question 44

The "Three Excellences" were:

A) Poetry, painting, and calligraphy.
B) Confucian essays, painting, and calligraphy.
C) Garden landscaping, calligraphy, and poetry.
D) Classical Chinese opera, classical dance, and poetry.

Question 45

China's population grew from its low of perhaps 60 million at the beginning of the Ming period to an estimated ________ million by 1600.

A) 150
B) 900
C) 100
D) 650

Question 46

______ became a vital axis of world trade, with Chinese merchants exchanging spices and luxury goods such as porcelain there for Spanish silver from the Americas.

A) Bombay
B) Guangzhou
C) Manila
D) Tokyo

Question 47

The huge commitment of Chinese troops against the forces of the Japanese leader Hideyoshi during his attempted invasion of ________ and China from 1592 to 1598 weakened the Ming dynasty and led to the rise of the Manchus.

A) The Philippines
B) Korea
C) Vietnam
D) Russia

Question 48

After the Manchus captured Beijing, some Ming loyalists fled to the island of Taiwan, where they expelled the ________, who had established a trading base there.

A) Portuguese
B) Japanese
C) British
D) Dutch

Question 49

The Manchu state was divided into eight major military and ethnic divisions, each represented by a distinctive ____________, and companies were formed of 300 fighters recruited from families represented by these means.

A) Hairstyle
B) Armor
C) Banner
D) Sword

Question 50

The _______ ceramicist Chojiro preferred highly rustic, rough-hewn earthenware designs with glazes that formed spontaneous designs when fired-the famous "raku" ware.

A) Japanese
B) Chinese
C) Korean
D) Dutch

Question 51

According to the infamous "_______ edict" in 1645, all males, regardless of ethnicity, were required on pain of death to adopt the Manchu hairstyle of a shaved forehead and long pigtail in the back.

A) Barber
B) Conformity
C) Queue
D) Close Shave

Question 52

The Qianlong emperor built a Tibetan version of the Buddhist stupa, or __________, for the visit of the Panchen Lama in 1779.

A) Altar
B) Reliquary
C) Statue
D) Retreat center

Question 53

By 1557, the Portuguese had wrested the first European colony from the Chinese at _________, and they held it until 1999.

A) Hong Kong
B) Guangzhou
C) Formosa
D) Macau

Question 54

In 1549 the Franciscan missionary ___________ landed in Japan.

A) Francis Xavier
B) Ignatius Loyola
C) Matteo Ricci
D) Peter Canisius

Question 55

The _________ East India Company, having established its base at Calcutta in 1690, soon sought to expand its operations to China.

A) Dutch
B) British
C) French
D) Portuguese

Question 56

Armillary spheres and a celestial globe were cast by Chinese artisans to the specifications of the ________ court mathematician Ferdinand Verbiest in the 1680s.

A) Calvinist
B) Manchu
C) Jesuit
D) Russian

Question 57

After arriving in Beijing in 1715, Giuseppe Castiglione worked as a(n) ______________ for the emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong.

A) Translator
B) Painter
C) Astronomer
D) Military advisor

Question 58

One of the richest glimpses into local Chinese society comes from Pu Songling's __________ Tales from a Chinese Studio.

A) True
B) 1001
C) Unfinished
D) Strange

Question 59

In Japan, the Gekokujo ("those below toppling those above") period of civil war erupted in 1467 and continued, on and off, until the ________.

A) 1570s
B) 1490s
C) 1530s
D) 1690s

Question 60

The _______ shoguns adopted Neo-Confucianism as the governing ideology, thus joining the commonwealth of Confucian "religious civilizations" in the region.

A) Minamoto
B) Ashikaga
C) Tokugawa
D) Hideyoshi

Question 61

A wholescale massacre of Japanese _________ followed in the wake of a rebellion against the government in 1637-38.

A) Peasants
B) Christians
C) Daimyo
D) Shinto priests

Question 62

Chikamatsu Monzaemon's most famous play is based on a real incident, in which the daimyo of 47 samurai was killed by a political opponent, leaving them as _________-masterless.

A) Noh
B) Kabuki
C) Ronin
D) Bunraku

Question 63

Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) produced a woodblock print depicting Thirty-Six Views of _________ that also became famous in the West.

A) A Temple
B) A Geisha
C) Edo
D) Mt. Fuji

Question 64

Jesuit missionaries were at times welcomed into China and Japan, but were ultimately rejected as "subversive" elements by the ____ and the Tokugawa.

A) Manchu emperors
B) Protestant British imperial advisors
C) Qing
D) Yangban