Deck 7: Hispanic Americans: Colonization, Immigration, and Ethnic Enclaves

Question 1

The 1960s was a time of intense activism and militancy for Mexican Americans. A protest movement guided by an ideology called ______ began.

A) Brown Power
B) Zapatistas
C) Chicanismo
D) Tejanismo
E) Chicano Crusaders

Answer 1

C

Question 2

______'s best known tactic was the organization of a grape pickers' strike and a national grape boycott that began in 1965.

A) César Chávez
B) José Angel Gutiérrez
C) Reis López Tijerina
D) Rodolfo Gonzalez
E) Linda Alvarez

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The racial background of Mexican Americans is mainly ______.

A) Native American and African
B) African and European
C) Native American and European
D) Asian and European
E) Native American only

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The term Hispanic American ______.

A) is often used in a discriminatory context
B) recognizes the diversity among groups from Latin America
C) acknowledges the connections that some groups have to African and Native American civilizations
D) is a label that was invented and applied by the dominant group
E) is often used as a self-identifying label among Hispanic groups

Question 5

At the beginning of the 20th century, Mexican Americans were a small group and both culturally and linguistically separate from the dominant group. In this way, they resembled ______.

A) Irish Americans
B) African Americans
C) German Americans
D) Native Americans
E) Jewish Americans

Question 6

At the beginning of the 20th century, Mexican Americans were a low-paid workforce in the rural sector of their regional economy. In this regard, they resembled ______.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Irish Americans
D) German Americans
E) Jewish Americans

Question 7

During the 20th century, immigration from Mexico to the United States ______.

A) remained low and inconsistent
B) fluctuated according to the demand for unskilled labor in the United States
C) generally declined; there are actually fewer immigrants today than in the 1930s
D) fluctuated according to the demand for workers in the primary sector of the U.S. economy
E) declined, as the children of former immigrants are now replacing their parents

Question 8

Federal policy toward immigration from Mexico ______.

A) has been consistently pro-immigration
B) has been consistently anti-immigration
C) has fluctuated between being pro- and anti-immigration
D) is irrelevant because immigration is not a concern of the federal government
E) has generally discouraged immigration but encouraged immigration during the depression of the 1930s

Question 9

Which of the following permitted immigration from Mexico?

A) repatriation
B) Operation Wetback
C) termination
D) the Bracero Program
E) the quota system

Question 10

The 1980s legislation that allowed illegal immigrants to legalize their status as immigrants was ______.

A) the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
B) the Quota Act
C) the Repatriation Program
D) the Bracero Program
E) Operation Wetback

Question 11

Which of the following might explain why the U.S. policy on immigration from Mexico has fluctuated so often?

A) the emphasis of the Noel hypothesis on competition and power
B) the traditional model of assimilation's emphasis on acculturation and integration
C) the culture of poverty theory's analysis of unproductive values and cultural traditions
D) human capital theory's analysis of the importance of education
E) a Marxist analysis of class conflict

Question 12

Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory as a result of ______.

A) World War I
B) the American Civil War
C) the Spanish-American War
D) a border dispute between Mexico and Cuba
E) World War II

Question 13

In the late 1940s, ______ was a major center of settlement for Puerto Ricans.

A) San Francisco
B) Washington, D.C.
C) Los Angeles
D) New York
E) Anchorage

Question 14

Due to differences between conceptions of race in Puerto Rico and the United States, many Puerto Ricans ______.

A) strongly identify with the Hispanic American label
B) have begun to adopt U.S. racial frameworks
C) see race as more important than one's social class
D) understand race as indicator of social class
E) feel they have no clear place in the United States

Question 15

Which of the following statements about Hispanics is true?

A) Rates of intermarriage are lower for Latinos than for African Americans.
B) In comparison to the households of all other minority groups, fewer Hispanic households are headed by women.
C) The percentage of Hispanics who voted in the 2008 presidential election represents a small decrease from the percentage that voted in the 2004 election.
D) Colombian Americans have the highest level of educational attainment among all Hispanic subgroups.
E) Cuban Americans are highly acculturated.

Question 16

Based on the information presented in the chapter text, which of the following individuals would probably have the highest income?

A) a Cuban American man who is self-employed within the enclave
B) a Cuban American man who works for a firm owned by another Cuban American
C) a Mexican American man who works for a firm owned by a non-Hispanic White
D) a Puerto Rican man who works for a firm owned by a non-Hispanic White
E) a Cuban American woman who does domestic work

Question 17

Contrary to what is traditionally considered successful assimilation, success for Cuban Americans is associated with ______.

A) higher levels of acculturation and integration
B) lower levels of acculturation and integration
C) residence outside of southern Florida
D) willingness to become fluent in English
E) two-wage-earner families

Question 18

Among Hispanics Americans, English fluency ______.

A) increases by generation and is greatest for people who have been in the United States the longest
B) is very low and decreases with length of residence
C) is very high; most Latino immigrants arrive with a good knowledge of English
D) is extremely low for those who speak Spanish at home
E) does not correlate with economic success for all Latinos

Question 19

Which Hispanic group has the highest level of income and the lowest level of poverty and unemployment?

A) Mexican Americans
B) Puerto Ricans
C) Cuban Americans
D) Caribbean Hispanics
E) All groups are equal in income, poverty, and unemployment.

Question 20

Which of the following people are most closely associated with the Chicano movement?

A) Reies López Tijerina, José Angel Gutiérrez,, and César Chávez
B) Reies López Tijerina, Romeo Gonzalez, and José Angel Gutiérrez
C) César Chávez, Romeo Gonzalez, and José Angel Gutiérrez
D) José Angel Gutiérrez, Cesar Romeo, and Romeo Gonzalez
E) José Angel Gutiérrez, Cesar Romeo, and Reies López Tijerina

Question 21

Which of the following is the most prominent difference between Mexican Americans and Anglo-Americans?

A) Mexican Americans don't emphasize family relations as much as Anglo-Americans do, in part because of the nature of seasonal labor, which often requires staying away from home for a long period of time.
B) Mexican Americans tend to be more active in religious life (e.g., church attendance).
C) No matter how similar their social class, educational background, or length of residence in the United States is to other Americans, Mexican Americans still tend to have different systems of value.
D) The dominant society (i.e., Anglo-American society) is largely Protestant, while most Mexican Americans are Catholic.
E) Mexican Americans tend to support "machismo," while Anglo-Americans do not.

Question 22

Which of the following most closely resembles the goals of Operation Wetback?

A) a 1942 program to bring in contract laborers from Mexico
B) a 1950s government program to deport illegal immigrants from Mexico
C) a 1965 program to give priority to Mexican immigrants who had family and kin with U.S. citizenship
D) a 1986 program to allow illegal immigrants who had been in the country since 1982 to legalize their status
E) a 1994 proposition in California that barred illegal immigrants from receiving any taxpayer-funded benefits, such as publicly funded health care or education

Question 23

Hispanic Americans' primary structural assimilation with the dominant group has been ______ the assimilation of African Americans and ______ the assimilation of Native Americans.

A) greater than; less than
B) greater than; greater than
C) less than; greater than
D) less than; less than
E) about the same as; about the same as

Question 24

The ______ thesis argues that Whites will gradually lose their dominant status as Latino and Asian American groups grow in numbers.

A) nativist
B) Whitening
C) coloring
D) browning
E) symbolic

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding Latino acculturation to the United States is true?

A) Latino groups are highly variable with regard to the extent at which they acculturate but are often "quicker" to change than other immigrants (e.g., by learning English, by adopting Anglo customs).
B) Hispanics follow many of the same patterns of assimilation as European groups.
C) Rates of acculturation decrease with length of residence and are lower for native-born Latinos.
D) As acculturation continues, Hispanic culture and the Spanish language are revitalized by immigration.
E) What is perceived to be slow acculturation for Latino groups is mostly the result of slow and sporadic immigration.

Question 26

Arizona's Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona SB 1070), in part, allowed ______.

A) police to check anyone for proof of citizenship
B) private citizens the right to sue police
C) illegal immigrants to stay in Arizona
D) new accommodations to make immigrants feel safe in Arizona
E) new measures to improve immigrants' civil rights in Arizona

Question 27

Latinos are concentrated in which geographic region?

A) the Northwest
B) the Southwest
C) the Midwest
D) the Southeast
E) New England

Question 28

By the dawn of the 20th century, the situation of Mexican Americans resembled that of ______ in some ways.

A) Anglo Americans
B) Italian Americans
C) Native Americans
D) Dutch Americans
E) Asian Americans

Question 29

The Chicanismo movement questioned the value of ______.

A) assimilation
B) apartheid
C) activism
D) pluralism
E) socialism

Question 30

Unlike ______, Chicanos were not cut off from their homeland and native culture.

A) Native Americans
B) African Americans
C) Anglo-Saxons
D) Cuban Americans
E) Puerto Ricans

Question 31

The ______ thesis hypothesizes that Latinos and Asian Americans are not Black and hypothesizes that they eventually will be accepted as White.

A) integration
B) equal opportunity
C) racial inclusivity
D) Whitening
E) one-drop

Question 32

Cultural differences between Mexican Americans and the dominant society have ______.

A) contributed to the melting pot that is the United States
B) provided a basis for group solidarity among Mexican Americans
C) decreased over time with continued immigration
D) led to the prioritization of acculturation within Chicanismo
E) served as the basis for including Mexican Americans within society

Question 33

______ between Mexico and the United States has made immigration to the United States attractive.

A) A diplomatic relationship
B) An economic partnership
C) A lower set of travel costs
D) The continuing wage gap
E) Decreasing inequality

Question 34

______ has disrupted the social and economic life of many Mexicans by creating an influx of foreign goods and capital.

A) Globalization
B) Industrialization
C) Rigid competition
D) Fluid competition
E) Internationalism

Question 35

The exclusion of Chicanos and Puerto Ricans from institutions and experiences that could have led to greater equality and higher rates of acculturation supports which conclusion about assimilation?

A) Assimilation is inevitable and possible for all groups.
B) Assimilation is a linear process that takes a long time to conclude.
C) Minority groups must undergo acculturation before structural integration.
D) Assimilation can be segmented for different groups.
E) Assimilation and pluralism can occur simultaneously.

Question 36

In recent years, anti-Latino prejudice has increased ______.

A) despite a shift toward rigid competitive group relations
B) due to an increase in Chicanismo protests
C) despite an increase in the acceptance of Hispanic culture in the United States
D) due to increased competition with undocumented immigrants
E) despite decreasing immigration rates

Question 37

Support for Mexican immigration decreases when competition for jobs increases. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Weber
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Hill Collins

Question 38

Some Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans have been successful, yet both groups continue to be barred from accessing significant upward mobility. This statement supports which theoretical perspective?

A) the Noel hypothesis
B) the importance of the contact situation
C) Blauner's hypothesis
D) Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the segmented assimilation perspective

Question 39

The first Cuban immigrants were affluent, powerful, and White, and they left Cuba ______.

A) because they lost political and economic power during the revolution
B) to flee an oppressive government
C) because socialism decimated the Cuban economy
D) to achieve their desires of creating an enclave economy
E) because Castro was anti-American

Question 40

Puerto Ricans' movement to the mainland is voluntary in some ways, but in others, it is strongly motivated by the transformations in the island economy that resulted from modernization and U.S. domination. Which theory can be used to best explain their process of entering the United States?

A) Gordon's model of assimilation
B) intersectionality
C) Marxism
D) the Blauner hypothesis
E) the Noel hypothesis

Question 41

According to the chapter text, Puerto Ricans and Cubans are clustered along the West Coast, particularly in Los Angeles and San Diego.

Question 42

A 2002 survey found that most Latinos who predominantly spoke English were members of the second generation of Latino immigrants.

Question 43

Hispanic Americans are the second largest minority group in the United States and will probably be the largest group early in the next century.

Question 44

Today, most social analysts see Mexican Americans in terms of the social theory of the culture of poverty and claim that their low social status is a result of an unhealthy value system.

Question 45

If we look at patterns of immigration dating back to the 1900s, it can be argued that Mexicans have served as a reserve labor pool for the benefit of U.S. businesses, agricultural interests, and other groups.

Question 46

During the repatriation campaign, many legal immigrants and native-born Mexican Americans were forced to move to Mexico.

Question 47

The Bracero Program, which continued for several decades, did not significantly affect agricultural labor.

Question 48

During Operation Wetback, raids on homes and places of business often resulted in the violation of civil and legal rights of U.S. citizens of Mexican descent.

Question 49

Mexican immigrants, both undocumented and legal, exist at the same level of poverty they would have experienced if they lived in Mexico.

Question 50

Mexican Americans often played important leadership roles in the labor movement, particularly in agriculture and mining.

Question 51

The term Chicano was originally used by the dominant culture in a derogatory manner.

Question 52

Puerto Rican migration was unlike Mexican migration because Puerto Ricans had already been established as U.S. citizens in 1917.

Question 53

In Puerto Rico, distinctions of race are much more important than distinctions of class.

Question 54

The marielitos were all undesirables, convicted criminals, and outcasts.

Question 55

Ethnic enclaves can develop only when businesses, financial expertise, and capital are combined with a disciplined labor force.

Question 56

The poverty rate for Cubans is much lower than the rate for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.

Question 57

According to the chapter text, colonized minority groups such as Chicanos and Puerto Ricans have not been encouraged to assimilate because they are valued primarily for their cheap labor and are considered less valuable in other respects.

Question 58

Hispanics are much more likely to register and vote in national elections than non-Hispanics.

Question 59

Among Hispanics, a split labor market exists where women are among the lowest paid and are exploited the most in the labor market.

Question 60

Mexican Americans remain a colonized minority group and have been systematically excluded from opportunities for upward mobility by institutional discrimination and segregation.

Question 61

One type of evidence that illustrates the effectiveness of the ethnic enclave as a pathway for adaptation is the difference in Mexican and Cuban incomes; Cubans tend to make much more money than Mexicans.

Question 62

Cuban Americans are one of the most spatially concentrated minority groups in the United States.

Question 63

Puerto Ricans who live in the United States are mainly centered in Boston.

Question 64

According to the text, Dominican American households, in comparison to other Hispanic groups, are more likely to be headed by women.

Question 65

According to the text, there is a higher percentage of Cuban Americans than Mexican Americans in the very lowest income category.

Question 66

The largest Latino group in the United States is of Mexican ancestry.

Question 67

All Hispanic American groups are recent immigrants to the United States.

Question 68

Hispanic Americans are partly an ethnic minority group (i.e., identified by cultural characteristics, such as language) and partly a racial minority group (identified by their physical appearance).

Question 69

The contact period for Cuban Americans, as for Puerto Ricans, dates back to the Spanish-American War of 1898.

Question 70

The first Cuban immigrants to the United States were White, Americanized elites.

Question 71

Explain the evolution of federal policy on Mexican immigration over the course of the 20th century. What were the major policies? When and why did they change?

Question 72

Compare and contrast the protest movements of Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and African Americans. What similarities and differences existed in Chicanismo, Red Power, and Black Power? How do the differences reflect the unique experiences of each group? What opportunities are there for collaboration between groups?

Question 73

Analyze the differences in acculturation and integration between the different Hispanic American groups discussed in the chapter text. What factors contribute to these differences?

Question 74

Hispanic immigration is a highly contested topic in contemporary racial discourse. Analyze the trends in immigration from Mexico and the rest of Latin America, including the factors that create immigration patterns and processes of inclusion and exclusion for immigrants in the United States.

Question 75

How did Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans become minority groups? Describe the contact situation of each group. Explain how the contact situation shaped relations with the larger society. Compare these patterns with those of Mexican Americans.

Question 76

Apply Blauner's hypothesis to the situation of Mexican Americans during the 20th century. Can the group be considered a colonized, immigrant, ethnic, or racial minority group? Explain by citing specific evidence.

Question 77

Analyze the status of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans in terms of acculturation, secondary structural integration, and primary structural integration. What important differences can you identify between these three Hispanic groups? How do you account for these differences? Apply Blauner's hypothesis and the concepts of split labor markets, the urban underclass, institutionalized discrimination, and ethnic enclaves in your answer.

Question 78

Compare and contrast the three largest Hispanic groups with Native Americans and African Americans. What differences and similarities can you identify? What concepts, ideas, and hypotheses help account for these patterns?

Question 79

In what ways does gender influence the experiences of Latina women in work, education, family life, and activism?

Question 80

Explain what is meant when the chapter text says, "The label Hispanic American includes a number of groups that are diverse and distinct from one another." What are some examples of this?