Deck 5: African Americans: From Segregation to Modern Institutional Discrimination and Modern Racism

Question 1

The civil rights movement's principles of nonviolence were adopted from the tenets of Christianity and from the teachings of ______.

A) President Kennedy
B) Mohandas Gandhi
C) Karl Marx
D) Malcolm X
E) Thurgood Marshall

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Black-White relations since the 1960s can be characterized as an era of ______.

A) continuing separation
B) decreased prejudice
C) no more institutional discrimination
D) reckoning with past racism
E) less racial tension

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision overturned the principle of ______, established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.

A) "no taxation without representation"
B) "separate but equal"
C) "justice within inequality"
D) "equal access to all public facilities"
E) "separate and unequal"

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Rosa Parks, a seamstress and NAACP member, is famous for ______.

A) refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a White man
B) refusing to leave an all-White coffeehouse
C) being the first Black student to integrate an all-White school
D) founding the NAACP
E) founding the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Question 5

The goals of the civil rights movement are akin to the concept of ______.

A) separatism
B) pluralism
C) nationalism
D) assimilation
E) segregation

Question 6

Which of the following is a factor that has increased Black political power?

A) Black voters' generally higher turnout rates than Whites
B) movement to concentrated urban areas
C) voter identification laws
D) the election of the first Black president
E) movement to rural areas in the South

Question 7

The race riots of the mid-1960s began in a Black neighborhood in ______.

A) Watts in Los Angeles
B) Detroit
C) Newark
D) St. Louis
E) Washington, D. C.

Question 8

Which of the following leaders is most closely associated with the Black Power movement?

A) Martin Luther King
B) A. Philip Randolph
C) Thurgood Marshall
D) Malcolm X
E) Fannie Lou Hamer

Question 9

African Americans and other minority groups of color have been adversely affected by the national loss of jobs in the ______.

A) manufacturing sector
B) agricultural sector
C) service sector
D) primary sector
E) urban sector

Question 10

The concept of an urban underclass tends to treat the problems of African Americans as ______.

A) problems that can be solved by a reduction of prejudice in the White community
B) problems of motivation that would be solved if Black people worked harder
C) problems that grow out of an economy that is shared by other poor urbanites
D) problems of socialization and values that would be solved if more African Americans had middle-class values
E) problems connected to a lack of educational opportunity

Question 11

As opposed to the culture of poverty theory, the analysis presented in the chapter text sees the high percentage of female-headed households in the African American community as ______.

A) a cause of poverty
B) a cause of anti-Black prejudice
C) a result of poverty and unemployment
D) a legacy of slavery
E) an illustration of a Black family

Question 12

In regard to level of education, the gap between African Americans and European Americans has ______.

A) decreased only for men
B) decreased only for women
C) decreased for both men and women but has not disappeared
D) disappeared
E) increased

Question 13

Stop-and-frisk policies used by police are an example of ______.

A) the impact of poverty on crime rates
B) crime prevention
C) modern racism
D) institutional prejudice
E) racial profiling

Question 14

The goals of the Black Power movement are akin to the concept of ______.

A) separatism
B) pluralism
C) nationalism
D) assimilation
E) segregation

Question 15

According to the chapter text, what is the most probable effect of past-in-present discrimination on the economic marginality of the Black middle class?

A) an increase in the number of Blacks working in the secondary labor market
B) an increase in the Black middle class's motivation to succeed
C) an increase in benefits from affirmative action beyond those of Whites
D) a decrease in the likelihood that Blacks will own their own homes and businesses
E) the Black middle class will be more economically marginal

Question 16

A recent trending news story documents a White woman calling the police on Black people for having a cookout at a park. This is an example of the phenomenon called ______.

A) living while Black
B) modern racism
C) racial profiling
D) social distance monitoring
E) community policing

Question 17

Up to one third of all Black men are under the supervision of the legal system in jail, in prison, on probation, or on parole. According to the chapter text, what accounts for this incredibly high level of supervision?

A) Black men's use of guns during crime sprees
B) national "get tough" policies on drug use
C) a lack of investment in education and human capital
D) disproportionate drug use among Black men
E) poverty and depravation

Question 18

Most Black Power movement participants argued which of the following methods is best for empowering Black Americans?

A) nonviolent direct action protests in order to challenge the conscious of White Americans
B) nonconfrontational and patient assimilation through investments in job skills
C) mobilization and marches on Washington to advocate for policy change
D) self-liberation through building autonomous social and economic systems
E) separatism, including a possible return to Africa

Question 19

Although there has been some progress for African Americans, an urban underclass, barred from the mainstream economy, has become a prominent and perhaps permanent feature of the American landscape. This statement supports which theoretical perspective?

A) the Noel hypothesis
B) the importance of the contact situation
C) Blauner's hypothesis
D) Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the segmented assimilation perspective

Question 20

Which theory can be used to best explain poverty rates for households led by single Black women?

A) Gordon's model of assimilation
B) intersectionality
C) Marxism
D) the Blauner hypothesis
E) the Noel hypothesis

Question 21

Which of the following is true of Black nationalism?

A) It was a reaction to the failed dreams of African Americans.
B) It did not focus on defining what it means to be African American.
C) It called for solidarity and unified action among African Americans.
D) It provided an analysis for the problems of American race relations in the colonial era.
E) It aligned with the civil rights movement's assimilationist goals.

Question 22

In a recent study on modern racism, the most commonly endorsed explanation for the continuing Black-White inequality was that ______.

A) Black Americans lacked the ability to learn
B) Black Americans lacked the motivation to pull themselves out of poverty
C) Black Americans aren't provided with the education it takes to rise out of poverty
D) discrimination against Black Americans is too strong
E) Blacks take too much advantage of affirmative action

Question 23

Because modern racists believe discrimination is no longer a factor, they use cultural explanations for the still-subordinate status of African Americans, which maintains inequality. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Myrdal
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Marx

Question 24

The increased interest in African culture following the Black Power movement supports which of the following conclusions about assimilation?

A) Assimilation is desired and possible for all groups.
B) Assimilation is a linear process that takes a long time to conclude.
C) Minority groups must undergo acculturation before structural integration.
D) Assimilation can be segmented for different groups.
E) Acculturation is not a linear process.

Question 25

De jure segregation was a ______ form of group relations.

A) pluralistic
B) fluid competitive
C) paternalistic
D) rigid competitive
E) modern

Question 26

According to the chapter text, the most important reason for racial differences in adult incarceration rates since the 1980s is ______.

A) increased crime rates
B) disproportionate drug use among Black men
C) the War on Drugs
D) police brutality
E) a lack of accountability for police misconduct

Question 27

White nationalism ______.

A) is a fringe ideology
B) does not have an impact on American political discourse
C) has diminished as modern racism has become prominent
D) is similar politically to Black nationalism
E) is becoming increasingly mainstream

Question 28

______ refers to the phenomenon of White families leaving cities for suburbs due to the influx of people of color into cities.

A) White flight
B) Redlining
C) Redistricting
D) Migration
E) Social distance

Question 29

The similarities in forms of marginalization experienced by the contemporary African American underclass and Black Southerners under de jure segregation reflect ______.

A) Noel's hypothesis about intergroup competition
B) the importance of subsistence technology
C) Blauner's hypothesis about colonized minority groups
D) the results of Myrdal's vicious cycle
E) the traditional model of assimilation

Question 30

Middle-class standing is more precarious for African Americans than Whites because ______.

A) African Americans have little to no wealth
B) of income inequality
C) de facto segregation is so widespread
D) African Americans do not have as much financial literacy
E) of cultural racism

Question 31

A period of prosperity in the 1960s reduced the intensity of intergroup competition and muted the sense of threat sparked by the civil rights movement. This observation would most likely be made by which social theorist?

A) Myrdal
B) Noel
C) Lenski
D) Blauner
E) Marx

Question 32

Isolated Black neighborhoods were fertile grounds for the development of ______, which reject or invert the values of the larger society.

A) cultures of poverty
B) oppositional cultures
C) radical aesthetics
D) social movements
E) Black enclaves

Question 33

The increased commonality of interracial contact in public space has led to increases in more intimate contacts across racial lines. This process is predicted by which social theorist's model?

A) Park
B) Blauner
C) Gordon
D) Lenski
E) Noel

Question 34

Contemporary wealth disparities caused by decades of housing discrimination is a form of ______.

A) institutional prejudice
B) past-in-present discrimination
C) institutional bias
D) White privilege
E) inequality

Question 35

In which era might the situation of the African American community be characterized as structural pluralism combined with inequality?

A) the antebellum South
B) the pre-WWII North
C) the modern civil rights movement
D) the Black Power movement
E) the early 21st century

Question 36

Recent state laws that require voters to show a government-issued photo ID are seen as a way to ______.

A) restrict voting rights
B) decrease illegal voting
C) expand voting rights
D) ameliorate past voting discrimination
E) enfranchise more voters

Question 37

An example of ______ is when African Americans are incorporated into a society and have equal access to institutions such as government and schools.

A) secondary structural assimilation
B) pluralism
C) cultural relativism
D) structural assimilation
E) assimilation

Question 38

Saenz studied the effect of concentrated urban poverty in ______.

A) creating high crime rates
B) cutting residents off from key economic opportunities and services
C) forcing residents to create ethnic enclaves
D) requiring Black residents to integrate White neighborhoods
E) drawing in funding for development and social services

Question 39

According to the chapter text, in the study by Rockquemore and Brunsma (2008), the respondents who categorized themselves as having a transcendent identity insist that they should be seen as ______.

A) individuals who can change as they move from group to group
B) biracial but are classified by others as Black
C) unique individuals and not placed in any racial category
D) exclusively Black or exclusively White and not biracial
E) mixed-race

Question 40

In a recent study on modern racism, respondents who attributed continuing racial inequality to either the lack of ability or the lack of motivation of African Americans also ______.

A) opposed government intervention
B) approved of government intervention
C) were more likely to vote for Black politicians
D) were less likely to vote for Black politicians
E) were sympathetic to the history of discrimination against Blacks

Question 41

Today, about half of all African Americans reside in the North.

Question 42

Residential integration has increased rapidly since the end of Jim Crow segregation.

Question 43

The solution to African American urban poverty lies in fundamental changes to the urban industrial economy and sweeping alterations in the distribution of resources and opportunities.

Question 44

Most segments of the African American community have the same experiences, regardless of class and gender.

Question 45

The experience of racism is so intense that African American women and men do not experience any intraracial gender tensions.

Question 46

All children of one African American parent and one White parent self-identify as African American.

Question 47

School integration was one of the most important goals of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 48

According to the chapter text, secondary structural assimilation refers to integration in more public areas, such as the job market, schools, and political institutions.

Question 49

Integration of schools through social class and race does not improve test scores but betters the educational experiences of students.

Question 50

The results of Royster's (2003) study suggest that access to jobs is controlled by social networks that are decidedly not open to everyone.

Question 51

Throughout Central and South America, social class is considered more important than race as a criterion for judging and ranking other people.

Question 52

Until the mid-1960s, racial riots were nonexistent in the United States.

Question 53

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 required that the same standards be used to register all citizens in federal, state, and local elections.

Question 54

Modern racism supports the idea that African Americans are inherently inferior based on biological differences.

Question 55

The culture of poverty theory proves that the issue of urban poverty is due to female-headed families with "bad" or inappropriate work values.

Question 56

The Black Power movement and the Nation of Islam encouraged full participation of Black women as leaders in their movements.

Question 57

Urban unrest that occurred in the 1960s was a result of the success of the civil rights movement in ending de facto discrimination.

Question 58

The pluralistic themes of Black Power were a reaction to the failure of assimilation and integration of the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 59

The central tactics of the civil rights movement under Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. emphasized nonviolent direct action.

Question 60

The Black Power movement supported Martin Luther King Jr.'s ideals of integration and assimilation.

Question 61

Most Americans agree that the Confederate flag is a symbol of racism.

Question 62

Malcolm X was an advocate for autonomy and a pluralistic relationship with the United States.

Question 63

The civil rights movement was successful in ending de facto segregation in the United States.

Question 64

Public opinion polls suggest a trend toward pessimism regarding race relations in recent years.

Question 65

Race and masculinity combine to produce a level of fear of Black men for many White people.

Question 66

The only notable contribution of the Black Panther Party is a framework for armed patrolling and monitoring of the police.

Question 67

The Nation of Islam and other Black Power groups distinguished between racial separation and racial segregation, with the former supporting empowerment and the latter supporting domination.

Question 68

The Moynihan Report, which supports the culture of poverty theory, could be considered by critics as an example of blaming the victim.

Question 69

The Black middle class has decreased since the Reconstruction era.

Question 70

Modern racism is a form of blaming the victim; it sees the problem of inequality as the responsibility of minority groups and not the larger society.

Question 71

"Relations between dominant and minority groups change as the larger society changes." Apply this idea to American Black-White relations in the 20th century. How were African Americans in the South and North affected by industrialization and automation? Include a discussion on changing prejudices and discrimination, jobs, and residential patterns.

Question 72

The civil rights movement in the South during the 1950s and 1960s relied on nonviolent, direct action as a primary strategy. Describe how this strategy worked. Why did this strategy succeed in the South? Why did it not succeed outside of the South?

Question 73

Summarize and critique the culture of poverty theory as it has been applied to African Americans. Does the culture of poverty theory provide an adequate explanation for Black urban poverty? Why or why not?

Question 74

Characterize the status of African Americans in terms of acculturation, secondary structural integration, and primary structural assimilation.

Question 75

Describe and explain modern racism. How does this form of prejudice differ from other forms? How does modern racism function to maintain racial inequality?

Question 76

How do people of multiracial descent define themselves today? How are they defined by others? What are the implications of these definitions?

Question 77

Explain how gender shaped the experiences of men and women in the civil rights and Black Power movements.

Question 78

Compare and contrast the civil rights and Black Power movements in terms of emergence, strategy, politics, and contributions. How do these movements relate to Black Lives Matter and other contemporary racial justice movements?

Question 79

The chapter explores contemporary debates over history and remembering through discussing tensions regarding narratives of progress and postracialism and the meaning of Confederate symbols. What is the significance of history, remembering, and narratives in shaping contemporary race relations?

Question 80

Recent racial justice movements have placed questions regarding racism in the criminal justice system at the forefront of their agendas. What policies, processes, and practices discussed in the chapter text support the argument that the criminal justice system is biased?