Deck 6: What lies beneath the surface? Investigating expertise in sport

Question 1

Which one of the following psychology researchers proposed that genius in any field comes mainly from inherited abilities?

A) Watson
B) Galton
C) Thorndike
D) Helmholtz

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The idea that innate ability, rather than practice habits, determines athletic success is known as the:

A) Critical periods hypothesis
B) Naturalistic fallacy
C) The "10% of your brain" myth
D) Talent myth

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In what sport is Phil "The Power" Taylor a multiple-world champion?

A) Darts
B) Snooker
C) Billiards
D) Indoor bowls

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the approximate time-lag between noticing a stimulus and responding to it?

A) About 20 milliseconds
B) About 50 milliseconds
C) About 200 milliseconds
D) About 500 milliseconds

Question 5

The theory of deliberate practice is associated mainly with the research of:

A) Herbert Simon
B) Anders Ericsson
C) Jean Côté
D) George Miller

Question 6

Deliberate practice, where athletes strive purposefully and in a structured manner to improve their skills, is also known as:

A) Mindless practice
B) Mental practice
C) Massed practice
D) Mindful practice

Question 7

Based on the findings of Ericsson and colleagues, how many hours of deliberate practice does it take to become an expert in any field?

A) About 10,000 hours
B) About 20,000 hours
C) About 50,000 hours
D) About 100,000 hours

Question 8

Research on the neuroscience of skill in fast-ball sports (e.g., baseball) reveals that expert players typically show:

A) Greater brain activation and greater cortical activation than novices
B) Less brain activation but greater cortical efficiency than novices
C) The same brain activation but greater cortical efficiency than novices
D) Similar brain activation and similar cortical efficiency to that of novices

Question 9

Research on anticipatory cue-usage in expert athletes, shows that they have:

A) A knowledge-based and an innate speed advantage over novices
B) Quicker reactions than novices on all tasks
C) A knowledge-based rather than in innate speed advantage over novices
D) Slower reactions than novices on all tasks

Question 10

Which of the following researchers discovered that the hippocampal region of experienced London taxi drivers was enlarged relative to those who did not drive taxis?

A) Maguire et al.
B) Halligan et al.
C) Robertson et al.
D) Yarrow et al.

Question 11

In research on expertise, a "chunk" is:

A) A pattern used to facilitate spatial occlusion of information in eye-tracking
B) A meaningful unit of information
C) The grid system used in the calibration of eye-trackers
D) A period of time spent in deliberate practice

Question 12

Which of the following researchers discovered that although chess experts were superior to novices in recalling the positions of chess pieces from meaningful games, they did not differ from novices in recalling the positions of chess pieces from meaningless games?

A) Chase and Simon
B) De Groot
C) Gobet and Charness
D) Williams and Ward

Question 13

The research method which involves recording what people say as they think aloud while solving a problem is known as:

A) Programme analysis
B) Paradigm analysis
C) Protocol analysis
D) Pattern analysis

Question 14

People's knowledge of facts and rules that can be consciously accessed and retrieved is known as:

A) Declarative knowledge
B) Implicit knowledge
C) Procedural knowledge
D) Subliminal knowledge

Question 15

What is the term for the experimental paradigm in which people are presented with predictive tasks based on obscured or incomplete information?

A) Inclusion paradigm
B) Exclusion paradigm
C) Dual-task paradigm
D) Occlusion paradigm

Question 16

In eye-movement research, what is the term for high-speed jumps of the eyes which shift people's gaze from one location to another?

A) Smooth pursuit eye movements
B) Saccadic eye movements
C) Iconic eye movements
D) Erratic eye movements

Question 17

The skilled memory theory of expertise was postulated by:

A) Chase and Ericsson
B) Newell and Simon
C) Weinberg and Gould
D) Locke and Latham

Question 18

In 2008, Rebecca Romero became the first British woman to win Olympic medals in two different sports - cycling and:

A) Archery
B) Rowing
C) Fencing
D) Triathlon

Question 19

What is the correct term for the property of the brain that allows it to be moulded by experience?

A) Plasticity
B) Domain specificity
C) Domain generality
D) Degradation

Question 20

In the classic study by Chase and Ericsson (1981), approximately how many random digits could "SF" recall after several hundred hours of training?

A) 66-70
B) 71-75
C) 76-80
D) 81-85