Deck 2: Motivation and Goal-Setting in Sport

Question 1

Research evidence suggests that "psyching up" athletes by emphasizing the disastrous consequences of failure, is largely:

A) An effective strategy for improving athletic performance
B) An ineffective strategy for improving athletic performance
C) An effective strategy for improving athletes' concentration skills
D) An effective strategy for improving athletes' confidence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which football manager observed that "fear is the best way not to achieve what you want to achieve"?

A) Jose Mourinho
B) Alex Ferguson
C) Arsène Wenger
D) Pepe Guardiola

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Achievement goal theory is also known as:

A) Self motivation theory
B) Achievement motivation theory
C) Motivational construct theory
D) Goal orientation theory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are the two types of motivational orientation in athletes that are postulated by achievement goal theory?

A) Ego orientation and task orientation
B) Ego orientation and self orientation
C) Ego orientation and external orientation
D) Ego orientation and intrinsic orientation

Question 5

Cognitive evaluation theory is associated with:

A) Deci and Ryan
B) Mallett and Hanrahan
C) McClelland and Rumelhart
D) Harwood and Biddle

Question 6

According to cognitive evaluation theory, rewards can fulfil one of two functions - controlling and:

A) Releasing
B) Informational
C) Meta-controlling
D) Emotional

Question 7

According to cognitive evaluation theory, "controlling" rewards tend to impair:

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Arousal levels
D) Mental toughness

Question 8

Attribution theory is the study of people's:

A) Quest for spiritual enlightenment
B) Ability to cope with stressful life events
C) Innate desire for self-improvement
D) Explanations for the causes of events in their lives

Question 9

The construct of achievement motivation is associated mainly with the research of:

A) Nicholls
B) Roberts
C) McClelland
D) Hardy

Question 10

In psychology, the term "orthogonal" means:

A) Correlated
B) Systematic
C) Independent
D) Hypothetical

Question 11

In sport psychology, the acronym TEOSQ refers to:

A) Task and Extrinsic Orientation in Sport Questionnaire
B) Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire
C) Task and Empathic Orientation in Sport Questionnaire
D) Task and Exercise Outlook in Sport Questionnaire

Question 12

A "mastery" motivational climate is one in which a coach emphasizes:

A) Mastering the challenge of one's opponent
B) Mastering unpredictable events in competitive situations
C) Personal effort and skill development
D) The negative consequences of making mistakes

Question 13

A coach who punishes athletes' mistakes by making them train harder is displaying:

A) A task-oriented motivational climate
B) An empathy-oriented motivational climate
C) A fear-oriented motivational climate
D) An ego-oriented motivational climate

Question 14

Nomothetic measures seek to establish:

A) Individual exceptions to general laws of human behaviour
B) Patterns of an individual's behaviour over time
C) General laws of human behaviour
D) Qualitative understanding of people's lives

Question 15

The self-serving attributional bias refers to people's tendency to make:

A) External attributions for success and internal attributions for failure
B) Internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure
C) Internal attributions for both success and failure
D) External attributions for both success and failure

Question 16

Locke and Latham were pioneers of psychological research on the topic of:

A) Attribution theory
B) Achievement motivation
C) Goal setting
D) Attention

Question 17

The goal specificity effect is the claim that specific goals:

A) Are more effective than general goals
B) Are less effective than general goals
C) Are more effective than short-term goals
D) Are more effective than long-term goals

Question 18

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for:

A) Providing a qualitative analysis of a single-case study
B) Calculating exceptions to a numerical trend
C) Combining the results of a large number of studies to determine the overall size of a statistical effect
D) Measuring the social impact of a single-case study

Question 19

In applied research on goal-setting, the acronym SMART stands for:

A) Specific, motivational, acceptable, realistic and timetabled
B) Specific, motivational, agreed, revisable and timetabled
C) Specific, mental, attitudinal, realistic and timetabled
D) Specific, measurable, action-related, realistic and timetabled

Question 20

Research on sensation seeking is associated mainly with:

A) Zuckerman
B) Zimbardo
C) Zimmerman
D) Pylyshyn