Deck 7: Depressive Disorders

Question 1

In the behavioral model of depression, which of the following is thought to contribute to the etiology and maintenance of depression?

A) Deficiencies in norepinephrine (NE) signaling
B) A reduction in behaviors that elicit positive reinforcement from the environment and an increase in avoidance behaviors
C) Information-processing deficits and enduring negative cognitive patterns
D) Explanatory styles for negative events that are external, specific, and temporary

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are examples of cognitive distortions that help depressed individuals maintain their negative cognitive schemas, even in the face of contradictory evidence?

A) Arbitrary inference: drawing negative conclusions in the absence of corroborating evidence
B) Selective abstraction: concentrating on one detail about a situation and ignoring others, thereby not seeing the whole picture
C) All-or-nothing thinking: viewing things in black-and-white terms, rather than as occurring on a continuum
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The learned helplessness model of depression can be attributed to

A) Beck and Ellis
B) Linehan and Miller
C) Skinner, Ferster, and Lewinsohn
D) Seligman and Abramson

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the prevalence and global disease burden of MDD?

A) The peak age of onset of the first episode of MDD has been decreasing and is currently between 15 and 29 years of age.
B) Lifetime prevalence rates of MDD are equal for men and for women.
C) The global disease burden of MDD, including financial costs for treatment, use of social and medical services, impairment at work and absenteeism, and economic costs to society, is expected to decrease.
D) The prevalence of MDD appears to have decreased among recent birth cohorts and in the population in general.

Question 5

HPA axis dysregulation is responsible for a deficiency in central nervous system concentration or receptor function of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 6

Negative reinforcement

A) Decreases a behavior with the addition of an aversive stimulus.
B) Increases a behavior with the removal of an aversive stimulus.
C) Increases a behavior with the addition of a pleasant stimulus.
D) Decreases a behavior with the removal of a pleasant stimulus.

Question 7

Behavioral activation therapy is efficacious in treating depression by

A) Decreasing avoidance and increasing the likelihood of experiencing positive reinforcement in the environment.
B) Cognitive restructuring of enduring negative cognitive patterns.
C) Electrical stimulation of the subgenual cingulate.
D) Altering HPA axis reactivity in response to traumatic stress.

Question 8

SSRIs are currently the most effective treatment for MDD.

Question 9

Depression is associated with:

A) Biased attention toward sad rather than angry, neutral, or happy faces.
B) Difficulty shifting attention from one task to another.
C) Self-focused attention accompanied by a repetitive focus on negative emotional causes, symptoms, and consequences.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Among Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), MDD is the most prevalent form of depression

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the course of depressive conditions?

A) Depressive conditions can have an episodic, remitting course.
B) Depressive conditions can have a recurrent, chronic course.
C) Severity of depressive conditions can wax and wane over time.
D) All of the above.

Question 12

Which of the following make assessment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD) a difficult task? (choose all that apply)

A) Many methods refer to differences from "normal" or "usual" state, which is often a depressed state for these patients.
B) Difficult to assess course using current assessment methods (e.g., structured interviews, rating scales, self-reports).
C) There are no rating or self-report scales developed specifically for chronic mood disorders.
D) Using DSM-5, it is difficult to distinguish between PDD and MDD.

Question 13

Which psychotherapy approach has been the best studied treatment of PDD? (choose all that apply)

A) Interpersonal therapy (IPT).
B) Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP).
C) Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR).
D) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Question 14

Antidepressants may be somewhat more efficacious than psychotherapy in treating PDD

Question 15

Persons with chronic depression have greater comorbidity with anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders than persons with nonchronic MDD

Question 16

Chronic depression is associated with more extreme normal-range personality traits

Question 17

Individuals with chronic depression are more likely to have a family history of depression among first-degree relatives, compared to individuals with nonchronic MDD

Question 18

PDD is more prevalent in males than females