Question 1

What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder?&#10;A) Less than 0.01%&#10;B) About 0.5%&#10;C) About 1%&#10;D) More than 5%

Accepted Answer

The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is about 1%. This statistic reflects the percentage of individuals who are expected to experience bipolar disorder at any point in their lives.

Question 2

What is the heritability of depression?&#10;A) 0% (not heritable at all)&#10;B) 10-20%&#10;C) 30-40%&#10;D) 70%

Accepted Answer

The heritability of depression is estimated to be around 30-40%, indicating that genetics plays a significant role, but environmental factors also contribute significantly to its development.

Question 3

The kindling hypothesis of mood disorders predicts that&#8230;..&#10;A) People become more sensitive to stress after experiencing a traumatic life event&#10;B) People become more resilient to stress after experiencing a traumatic life event&#10;C) Stressful life events lead to depressive episodes in people who have a family history of depression&#10;D) Stressful life events have no influence on depressive episodes in people who have a family history of depression

Accepted Answer

The kindling hypothesis suggests that individuals may become more sensitive to stress after experiencing a traumatic life event, potentially leading to mood disorders. This hypothesis posits that initial episodes of depression or bipolar disorder may be triggered by stress, but over time, fewer or less severe stressors are needed to trigger an episode.

Question 4

Neuroimaging and post-mortem studies of depressed patients' brains reveal that they have&#8230;.&#10;A) Fewer dopamine receptors&#10;B) Fewer serotonin receptors&#10;C) More dopamine receptors&#10;D) More serotonin receptors

Accepted Answer

Depressed patients often have fewer serotonin receptors, which is associated with the reduced serotonin activity commonly observed in depression.

Question 5

Patients with mood disorders have reduced grey matter volume and glucose metabolism in the&#8230;.&#10;A) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex&#10;B) Amygdala&#10;C) Anterior Cingulate Cortex&#10;D) Olfactory bulb

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in mood regulation and has been found to have reduced grey matter volume and glucose metabolism in patients with mood disorders.

Question 6

In depression, interpretive bias refers to the tendency to&#8230;.&#10;A) Perceive harmless bodily sensations as a sign of an impending heart attack&#10;B) Shift the attention to negative information in the environment&#10;C) Preferentially recall negative information&#10;D) Infer negative information from ambiguous scenarios

Accepted Answer

Interpretive bias in depression involves interpreting ambiguous situations in a negative manner, leading to negative inferences.

Question 7

Which of the following types of studies have been used to test predictions about the causal role of depressogenic cognitive styles in mood disorders?&#10;A) Attentional bias modification studies&#10;B) Brain imaging studies&#10;C) Mood priming studies&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Mood priming studies are specifically designed to test the causal role of cognitive styles by inducing certain moods and observing the effects on cognition and behavior.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?&#10;A) Most depressed patients find that their symptoms get worse if they take an antidepressant&#10;B) Antidepressants do not work&#10;C) Many depressed patients experience an improvement in their symptoms if they are given a placebo&#10;D) Antidepressants are no more effective than placebo

Accepted Answer

Many depressed patients do experience an improvement in their symptoms when given a placebo, a phenomenon attributed to the placebo effect, where the belief in the treatment's efficacy can lead to real changes in perception of symptoms.

Question 9

Which of the following techniques are not normally used in cognitive behaviour therapy for depression?&#10;A) Thought catching&#10;B) Reality testing&#10;C) Cognitive rehearsal&#10;D) Social-skills training

Accepted Answer

Social-skills training is not typically a focus of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for depression. CBT for depression usually focuses on identifying and changing distorted thinking patterns (thought catching), testing the reality of negative thoughts (reality testing), and practicing new thoughts and behaviors (cognitive rehearsal). Social-skills training is more often associated with treatments for social anxiety disorder or other conditions where social functioning is a primary concern.

Question 10

Cognitive behaviour therapy is an effective treatment for depression because&#8230;.&#10;A) Cognitive change occurs first, and leads to an improvement in mood&#10;B) An improvement in mood occurs first, and this leads to a change in cognition&#10;C) Patients imitate the therapist's cognitive style, and this leads to an improvement in mood&#10;D) It prevents people from experiencing negative mood ever again

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is effective for depression largely because it focuses on changing negative patterns of thought (cognitive change), which in turn can lead to an improvement in mood. This approach is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected, and that changing negative thought patterns can result in changes in feelings and behaviors.

Deck 5: Mood Disorders