Deck 8: Conflict and Critical Theories of Crime

Question 1

Which of the following is not an issue considered by conflict and critical theories of crime?

A) how the government defines acts as criminal
B) how an economic system can determine how punishment is given out
C) how social factors account for antisocial behavior
D) how group power guides the criminal justice system

Answer 1

C

Question 2

This theory bridges the gap between sociological theory and conflict and critical theories.

A) culture conflict
B) labeling
C) differential association
D) critical

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Tannenbaum, this occurs when an individual is labeled in a negative way that identifies him or her as deviant.

A) marking
B) tagging
C) jargon
D) proletariat

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Becker, a negative ________ can have a detrimental effect upon how an individual is treated by others, including the criminal justice system.

A) social status
B) tag
C) master status
D) critical theory

Question 5

According to Lemert, this type of deviance occurs when society reacts to an individual's actions and successfully labels the person.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) master

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a policy developed using labeling theory?

A) prison GED classes
B) pre-kindergarten programs
C) improved public health initiatives
D) first-offender programs

Question 7

Social location is defined by all but which of the following elements?

A) gender
B) race
C) class
D) genetics

Question 8

This refers to the social characteristics of a group and is an organizing factor of society.

A) class
B) race
C) diversity
D) capitalism

Question 9

This theory considers social class to primarily determine the type and quality of justice an individual receives and how entangled that individual becomes in the criminal justice system.

A) conflict
B) labeling
C) critical
D) social

Question 10

Conflict theory proposes that crime stems from this.

A) stress due to an inability to attain desired socially accepted goals.
B) competition among interest groups.
C) a failure to develop strong pro-social bonds.
D) the existence of a subculture of violence.

Question 11

Which is most true of conflict theory?

A) It assumes offenders are inherently antisocial.
B) It examines how societies control their members and how this may lead to crime.
C) It focuses on how offenders learn to break the law.
D) It assumes offenders are in some way different from non-offenders in society.

Question 12

The idea of economics as a primary factor in antisocial behavior may be traced to this thinker.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Karl Marx
D) Ralf Dahrendorf

Question 13

According to communist theory, who owned the means of production?

A) bourgeoisie
B) lumpen-proletariat
C) petit bourgeoisie
D) proletariat

Question 14

According to Marx, this type of citizen was at risk of sinking into despair, withdrawing from society, and turning to crime.

A) bourgeoisie
B) lumpenproletariat
C) petit bourgeoisie
D) proletariat

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the three measures of inequality considered by Weber?

A) gender
B) power
C) prestige
D) wealth

Question 16

Dahrendorf considered social class to be defined by _____ rather than by _____.

A) property; power
B) class; race
C) power; property
D) race; class

Question 17

According to Turk, some subordinate groups' deviance may become _____ over time.

A) ostracized
B) criminalized
C) legalized
D) normalized

Question 18

Which of the following is a critique of conflict criminology?

A) It does not critique the status quo.
B) It is more scientific than political.
C) It is measurable.
D) Solutions are culturally unattractive.

Question 19

This type of criminology deals with issues and problems that relate to women, crime, and the criminal justice system.

A) peacemaking
B) feminist
C) critical gender
D) postmodern

Question 20

This hypothesis suggested that the social equalization of female and male persons means that females will begin committing the same types and numbers of criminal offenses as males.

A) evil woman
B) gender equality
C) liberation
D) modernistic

Question 21

This hypothesis proposes that the criminal justice system treats women who do not meet gender expectations differently than it does women who do.

A) evil woman
B) gender equality
C) liberation
D) modernistic

Question 22

Feminist theories tend to consider females who break the law as victims of this type of system.

A) matriarchal
B) gender equal
C) racially divided
D) patriarchal

Question 23

Which of the following is a way that feminist scholars consider women's participation in crime and the criminal justice system?

A) as workers
B) as victims of crime
C) as lawbreakers
D) All of these are considered by feminist scholars.

Question 24

At this level, peacemaking criminology suggests that each of us needs to be gentle on ourselves and understand our own motivations.

A) personal
B) interpersonal
C) institutional
D) global

Question 25

According to peacemaking criminology, this should be used to accomplish goals.

A) individual power
B) intimidation
C) civility
D) mild force

Question 26

Gun control laws are an example of the implementation of peacemaking criminology at this level.

A) personal
B) interpersonal
C) institutional
D) global

Question 27

The study of the social conditions that enable the practice of human trafficking is an example of peacemaking criminology at the ________ level.

A) personal
B) interpersonal
C) institutional
D) global

Question 28

Peacemaking criminology advocates this.

A) capital punishment
B) harsh sentences
C) the elimination of the death penalty
D) shaming as a punishment

Question 29

Teaching methods of conflict resolution would be an application of peacemaking criminology at this level.

A) global
B) personal
C) interpersonal
D) institutional

Question 30

This type of criminology examines the way the media reflects and produces antisocial behavior.

A) peacemaking
B) postmodern
C) cultural
D) critical race

Question 31

Although the use of symbols by street gangs may be of interest to cultural criminologists in explaining law-breaking, suppressing this behavior may violate gang members' right to this.

A) double jeopardy
B) a speedy trial
C) freedom of speech
D) freedom of assembly

Question 32

Postmodernism explores how this affects the way we construct our perceptions about the world.

A) language
B) gender
C) conflict
D) economics

Question 33

Which of the following is not an area of focus in postmodern criminology?

A) liberalism
B) language in the criminal justice system
C) partial knowledge
D) deconstructionism

Question 34

This is the examination of rules and regulations by questioning traditional assumptions about certainty, meaning, and truth.

A) partial knowledge
B) deconstruction
C) liberalism
D) semiotics

Question 35

Postmodern criminology is broadly aimed at this.

A) incarceration
B) the criminal justice system
C) cultural influences
D) antisocial behavior

Question 36

Which of the following is not a basic principle of critical race theory?

A) the critique of liberalism
B) the value of story-telling
C) the normality of racism in American culture
D) the issue of partial knowledge

Question 37

Which of the following is not an example of how race has been a deciding factor in the dispensation of justice in the United States?

A) The treatment of American Indians by the U.S. government
B) The separate-but-equal laws in the American South
C) The internment camps for Americans of Japanese descent during World War II
D) The legal backlash against the counterculture movement of the 1960s

Question 38

Which of the following is not a topic of interest to critical race theorists?

A) missing white woman syndrome
B) racial profiling
C) gang jargon in prison
D) the use of personal narratives

Question 39

A major criticism of critical race theory is that by looking at crime and delinquency through the prism of race, the contributions of this social institution might be devalued.

A) family
B) schools
C) media
D) all of the above

Question 40

Discuss the basic assumptions of labeling theory; explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance, and discuss a way in which labeling theory is used in criminal justice system policy today.

Question 41

Define social location and list and explain the major factors of social location.

Question 42

List and explain the primary critiques of conflict criminology.

Question 43

How does feminist criminology apply the feminist perspective to issues of crime and justice? Explain the different ways in which feminist scholars consider women's participation in crime and the criminal justice system.

Question 44

List and explain the four levels to which the peacemaking approach can be applied.