Deck 4: Perceptual Processes

Question 1

Empiricists believe that individuals acquire perceptual concepts and abilities through repeated interactions with the environment.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

If the carpentered world hypothesis is correct, Navajos who grow up in a traditional hogan should be less susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Researchers who study diverse groups of people living in different parts of the world can contribute to ______________.

A) the argument over automatic processes and systematic processes
B) the nativism-empiricism debate
C) the controversy surrounding correlation and causation
D) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A quasi-experiment is like a true experiment except _____________________.

A) there is no control group
B) the dependent variable is measured repeatedly over time
C) participants are not assigned randomly to test groups
D) participants know the hypothesis in advance

Question 5

According to the carpentered world hypothesis, who will be most susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion and who will be least susceptible?

Question 6

Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits administered the Müller-Lyer test to children and adults in several African countries, the Philippines, and the United States. They found that people living in highly carpentered cities were more susceptible to the illusion than people living in rural, less carpentered villages. Why was their study weak in terms of its internal validity?

Question 7

An evolutionary mismatch is a trait that was not advantageous in ancestral times but has become adaptive due to changes in the environment.

Question 8

In one study, participants in Cameroon and Tanzania correctly interpreted smiley face emoticons but did not know how to interpret Western and Japanese text emoticons.

Question 9

Researchers have identified six basic facial expressions of emotion that are easily recognized by most people around the world. Which of these is NOT one of the six?

A) disgust
B) anger
C) guilt
D) sadness

Question 10

Darwin's survival value hypothesis of emotion predicts that:

A) angry faces should be recognized more quickly than happy faces.
B) happy faces should be recognized more quickly than fearful faces.
C) fearful faces should be recognized more quickly than angry faces.
D) both a and b

Question 11

What is Darwin's survival value hypothesis of emotions? Be specific.

Question 12

What is cultural evolution? How does it operate?

Question 13

The study of punctuality standards in Estonia, Morocco, and the United States found that, within each country, people generally agreed with each other about the norms that govern proper arrival behavior.

Question 14

Moroccans may be less punctual than Americans because most Moroccans partition time into 15-minutes segments, whereas most Americans partition time into 5-minute segments.

Question 15

What people actually do is called a(n) ___________ norm, but what people should do is called a(n) ___________ norm.

A) behavioral; descriptive
B) empirical; ideological
C) prescriptive; proscriptive
D) none of the above

Question 16

Which of these was NOT a finding from the study of punctuality standards in Estonia, Morocco, and the United States?

A) In all three countries, arriving early was less taboo than arriving late.
B) In all three countries, arriving late for a social engagement was less taboo than arriving late for a business meeting.
C) In all three countries, arriving late was less taboo for a man than for a woman.
D) In all three countries, making a lower status person wait was less taboo than making a higher status person wait.

Question 17

According to the study of punctuality standards, what are two plausible explanations for why Moroccans, as a group, are less punctual than Americans? Be specific.

Question 18

Consider the study of punctuality in Estonia, Morocco, and the United States that was described in Briefing 16. How could you modify the study to improve its external validity? That is, what changes could you make to increase our confidence that the study's findings will generalize to other people and places?

Question 19

Compared to cross-race eyewitness identifications, same-race identifications are more likely to be correct.

Question 20

The idea that racial groups have different kinds of physiognomic variability is a myth.

Question 21

Which concept below is key to understanding why people generally recognize same-race faces more accurately than other-race faces?

A) suggestive lineups
B) physiognomic variability
C) nonconscious racial prejudice
D) signal detection and processing

Question 22

The other-race effect is a leading contributor to misidentifications in the U.S. criminal justice system, but it is essentially a non-factor _______________________________________.

A) in communities that have little or no racial diversity
B) in communities that have a history of multiculturalism
C) when police departments use nonsuggestive photo lineups
D) all of the above

Question 23

What seems to be the best explanation for the other-race effect that is often observed in studies of eyewitness identifications?

Question 24

Describe a typical laboratory experiment that examines the impact of race on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications.