Deck 9: Elementary and Intermediate Quantitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Discrete data are inherently categorical.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Continuous data can be converted into discrete data, but discrete data cannot be converted into continuous data.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

With nominal level data, some basic statistical comparison and crosstabulation are possible.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Likert-type scales (strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree) are interval level data.

Question 5

The only difference between interval level data and ratio level data is the existence of equal distance among attributes.

Question 6

Bivariate statistics that analyze the relationship between two variables can determine their causality.

Question 7

In a situation when there is no exact median, it can be calculated by taking the average of the middle two numbers.

Question 8

Range is the difference between the highest score and the mean.

Question 9

Range, variance, and standard deviation are measures of variability.

Question 10

Which of the following is false regarding symbolic representations?

A) X: independent variable
B) N: the total number of elements in a sample
C) Σ: summation
D) s²: variance

Question 11

__________ data are collected from categories; therefore, they have a set endpoint and are finite.

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Discrete
D) Continuous

Question 12

A person's __________ is not an example of discrete data.

A) religion
B) race
C) gender
D) height

Question 13

__________ data are not finite; therefore, they can be divided and broken down into smaller values such as 1.53.

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Discrete
D) Continuous

Question 14

A person's __________ is not an example of continuous data?

A) marital status
B) weight
C) money
D) grade point average

Question 15

Which of the following is false regarding nominal level data?

A) Nominal level data do not have any weight; therefore, their numerical values do not have any mathematical meaning.
B) An example of nominal level data can be gender. Male is not considered "more than" or "less than" female.
C) As nominal level data do not have mathematical meanings, even calculating frequencies or percentages are not possible.
D) Good nominal level variables are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, which allows limited statistical analyses.

Question 16

Which of the followings is false regarding ordinal level data?

A) Ordinal level data are categorical; however, they are rank ordered.
B) Ordinal level data are exhaustive and mutually exclusive.
C) Ordinal level data do not have equal distance between ranks.
D) None of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of ordinal level data?

A) Race
B) Likert-type scale
C) IQ score
D) Height

Question 18

Examples of __________ level data include GRE scores and IQ scores.

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 19

Which of the following characteristics must interval level data have?

A) Exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness
B) Exhaustiveness, mutual exclusiveness, and rank order
C) Exhaustiveness, mutual exclusiveness, rank order, and equal distance between values
D) Exhaustiveness, mutual exclusiveness, rank order, equal distance between values, and a true zero point

Question 20

Examples of __________ level data include weight, height, and enzyme activity that have a true zero as a starting point.

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 21

Which of the following is false regarding statistical analyses?

A) Univariate statistics are descriptive in nature whereby single variables are described.
B) Bivariate statistics explain if two variables are associated.
C) Multivariate statistics determine the effect that multiple independent variables have on a dependent variable.
D) None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following can determine the causality between variables?

A) Univariate statistics
B) Bivariate statistics
C) Multivariate statistics
D) Descriptive statistics

Question 23

Which of the following is false regarding measures of central tendency?

A) Measures of central tendency refer to "middleness."
B) The mean is the exact middle number in a distribution.
C) The symbol for the sample mean is M_x.
D) The mode is the number or category that occurs most often.

Question 24

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the mean?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 82.5
D) 85

Question 25

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the mode?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 82.5
D) 85

Question 26

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the median?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 82.5
D) 85

Question 27

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the range?

A) 70
B) 100
C) 5
D) 30

Question 28

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the variance?

A) 85
B) 100
C) 133.33
D) 170

Question 29

The following numbers are the exam results of 10 students:
70, 75, 75, 75, 80, 85, 95, 95, 100, 100
What is the standard deviation?

A) 9.22
B) 10
C) 11.55
D) 13.04

Question 30

Which of the following is false regarding qualitative analyses?

A) Qualitative researchers must present their own personal interpretation of the data.
B) The most important contribution of qualitative research is to test theories using qualitative data.
C) Qualitative research is less structured and more participative.
D) None of the above

Question 31

There are four primary positions about how to best analyze qualitative data. Which of the following is about poststructralism?

A) Qualitative research needs to meet the same standards that exist for quantitative research.
B) Separate standards unique to qualitative research needs to be developed because of an alternate paradigm that exists for qualitative research.
C) There can be no set criteria applied to evaluate the quality of qualitative research.
D) An entire new set of rules needs to be developed specifically relevant for qualitative research.

Question 32

__________ is the use of mathematical techniques to analyze population characteristic through sampling strategies.

Question 33

__________ are variables that are limited to a specific number of cases. They are usually related to whole numbers, such as the number of pets a person owns.

Question 34

__________ are variables that can have a nonspecific number of values.

Question 35

__________ are data that can be divided into mutually exclusive specific groups that have no numerical distinction.

Question 36

__________ are exhaustive and mutually exclusive data that have a rank order, but exact distance between attributes cannot be measured.

Question 37

__________ are exhaustive and mutually exclusive data that have a rank order and equal distance between attributes with an arbitrary meaning of zero.

Question 38

__________ are exhaustive and mutually exclusive data that have a rank order and equal distance between attributes with a true meaning of zero.

Question 39

__________ represents the average that can be calculated by dividing the sum of the scores by the total number of sample size.

Question 40

__________ represents the most common response.

Question 41

__________represents the mid-point that divides the scores into two equal halves.

Question 42

__________ is a measure of dispersion, representing the average squared deviations of each case from its mean value.

Question 43

__________ is a philosophical approach that requires qualitative analyses to meet the same standards for quantitative research.

Question 44

__________ notes that the very nature and uniqueness of each qualitative study make it impossible to apply universal standards for qualitative research.