Deck 1: Why Research at All

Question 1

Positivism heavily relies on a guessing.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Researchers use deductive reasoning when they are testing theories.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Qualitative research is seeking an in-depth understanding of one particular phenomenon or group.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Quantitative research relies on statistics, positivism, and scientific methods.

Question 5

Mixed methods refer to the combination of qualitative and quantitative research in one study.

Question 6

Scientific research does not help policymakers or public administrator in developing policies or practices.

Question 7

Qualitative research is typically focused on surveying as many individuals as possible at one time.

Question 8

Government entities are more likely to fund quantitative research.

Question 9

Qualitative researchers attempt to achieve objectivity while quantitative researchers are more likely to just acknowledge its elusive nature.

Question 10

Among explorative, descriptive, and explanatory research, explanatory research is the most common.

Question 11

A cause in one cause-and-effect relationship cannot be an effect in another relationship.

Question 12

Concomitant variation simply means that there is a relationship between two variables.

Question 13

Causality can be established when concomitant variation, temporal sequencing, and the elimination of other rival causal factors are all satisfied.

Question 14

__________ is a field of study that examines all of the sources of knowledge. In other words, __________ seeks to determine what the legitimate sources of knowledge are. Which of the following is the most appropriate term?

A) Research; research
B) Positivism; positivism
C) Epistemology; epistemology
D) Statistics; statistics

Question 15

__________ is the basis for knowledge derived from the use of science. Inevitably, __________ is generally a deductive process. Which of the following is the most appropriate term?

A) Research; research
B) Positivism; positivism
C) Epistemology; epistemology
D) Statistics; statistics

Question 16

When researchers try to develop a theory or generate a hypothesis, they use

A) deductive reasoning.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) explorative research.
D) descriptive research.

Question 17

Inductive research goes from the __________ to the __________.

A) specific; general
B) general; specific
C) top; bottom
D) bottom; top

Question 18

Deductive research goes from the __________ to the __________.

A) specific; general
B) general; specific
C) top; bottom
D) bottom; top

Question 19

Quantitative research methods deals with

A) data.
B) numbers.
C) statistics.
D) All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is false regarding qualitative research?

A) Qualitative research is traditionally nonnumerical.
B) Qualitative research is more likely to rely on actual observations or experiences to develop knowledge.
C) Respondents in qualitative research are typically asked closed-ended questions where the researcher can gain a deeper understanding of the given topic.
D) Qualitative research intends to understand meaning individuals give to a phenomenon inductively.

Question 21

The differences between quantitative research and qualitative research exclude

A) the importance of literature review.
B) how data are collected.
C) how data are analyzed.
D) underlying theoretical basis of the study.

Question 22

What can be defined as the scientific planning of induced change in a troublesome situation with the focus on a specific problem?

A) Inductive research
B) Quantitative research
C) Applied research
D) Basic research

Question 23

What can be defined as research that is concerned with extending the knowledge base and can focus on testing theories that explain social problems?

A) Inductive research
B) Quantitative research
C) Applied research
D) Basic research

Question 24

Which of the following is false regarding applied and basic research?

A) The distinction between applied and basic research is the underlying motivation or reason for the study.
B) Applied research target areas where a specific problem exists.
C) Most corporations and government entities provide research funding even though they do not have a clearly defined problem.
D) Because of the difficulty to get governmental research funding, writing a good grant proposal has become an important area in research.

Question 25

Which of the following can be an example of basic research?

A) When a researcher assists the local sheriff with controlling drug-related crimes
B) When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration developed Velcro
C) When a researcher conducted research to reduce police use of unnecessary force
D) All of the above

Question 26

Which of the following is false regarding who conducts research?

A) In-house research refers to studies conducted by a person within the organization.
B) Hired-hand research is conducted by a person external to the organization, but paid by the organization.
C) Third-party research is conducted by a personal external to the organization and paid by means outside the organization.
D) It is not really important who conducts the research as long as it is conducted.

Question 27

Those concerned with who conducts research is primarily focused on

A) simplicity of research.
B) funding of research.
C) objectivity of research.
D) None of the above (Who conducts the research is not really important as long as it is conducted.)

Question 28

In theory, __________ research can provide the highest level of objectivity regarding research findings and interpretations.

A) in-house
B) hired-hand
C) third-party
D) qualitative

Question 29

When researchers conduct research to see how many robberies are actually occurring in a given neighborhood, the research is

A) explorative.
B) evaluation.
C) explanatory.
D) None of the above

Question 30

__________ research is conducted in an attempt to describe a problem, policy, or program.

A) Explorative
B) Descriptive
C) Explanatory
D) Evaluation

Question 31

__________ research is to reveal or explain causes, motivations, or reasons of why certain phenomena occur.

A) Explorative
B) Descriptive
C) Explanatory
D) Evaluation

Question 32

___________ research is the most difficult to conduct

A) Explorative
B) Descriptive
C) Explanatory
D) All of the above (All are equally difficult.)

Question 33

Which of the following does not constitute cause and effect relationships?

A) Concomitant variation
B) Temporal sequencing
C) Nonspuriousness
D) Direction of change

Question 34

With respect to causality, __________ means that when one variable changes the other variable also changes.

A) concomitant variation
B) temporal sequencing
C) nonspuriousness
D) statistical significance

Question 35

__________ relationship refers to a case when the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases.

A) Positive
B) Inverse
C) Quantitative
D) Qualitative

Question 36

__________ means that the cause must occur first before the effect occurs.

A) Concomitant variation
B) Temporal sequencing
C) Nonspuriousness
D) Direction of change

Question 37

The elimination of other rival causal factors that can influence the change in a given cause-and-effect relationship is related to

A) concomitant variation.
B) temporal sequencing.
C) nonspuriousness.
D) direction of change.

Question 38

_____________ examines all sources of knowledge, and deals with how it is we know what we know.

Question 39

The basis for knowledge derived from the use of science is __________, which is a method for using precise empirical observations to confirm or deny rules that can predict human behavior.

Question 40

In __________ research, researchers consider the data first and then develop a theory to explain the phenomenon they observe.

Question 41

Typical questions provided in quantitative research are __________ questions.

Question 42

When researchers assist the local police department with determining the best solution to increased burglaries, the researchers are conducting __________ research.

Question 43

With respect to the distinction of who conducts research, __________ means the conclusions are founded on careful observation rather than personal basis.

Question 44

__________ is conducted to explore a specific problem and is very common in the field of criminal justice.

Question 45

__________ means being able to predict the effect that one variable will have on another.

Question 46

In cause and effect relationships, __________ means that the cause must precede the effect.

Question 47

__________ occurs when an apparent causal relationship between variables is actually due to some alternative, unrecognized variable.