Deck 7: Justice

Question 1

A criterion that might provide a material principle of justice would be:

A) Need
B) Social and economic liberty
C) Public utility
D) Community-specific conceptions of the good
E) All of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of these contexts might require the use of more than one material principle of justice?

A) Public health programs
B) Salaries
C) Basic education resources
D) Promotions
E) All of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

An important exponent of the utilitarian theory of justice is:

A) John Stuart Mill
B) Robert Nozick
C) John Rawls
D) Daniel Callahan
E) All of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Robert Nozick's theory of justice does NOT include a principle of:

A) Justice in acquisition of property
B) Justice in patterns of distribution
C) Justice in transfer between persons
D) Justice in rectification
E) It includes all of these.

Question 5

An important exponent of the egalitarian theory of justice is:

A) John Stuart Mill
B) Robert Nozick
C) John Rawls
D) Daniel Callahan
E) All of the above

Question 6

According to John Rawls, justice requires:

A) A maximum basic liberty compatible with others having the same liberty
B) Equal expenditures for health care on a per person basis
C) That social inequalities must benefit everyone
D) Equal opportunity to hold public offices
E) All of the above

Question 7

Communitarian theories of justice emphasize:

A) Moral conventions
B) Traditions
C) Loyalties
D) The social nature of life and institutions
E) All of the above

Question 8

Twenty-first-century innovations in theories of justice are best construed as responses to and developments of:

A) Communitarianism
B) Egalitarianism
C) Libertarianism
D) Utilitarianism

Question 9

In which theory is the criterion of fair opportunities least central?

A) Communitarianism
B) Egalitarianism
C) Capabilities
D) Well-being

Question 10

An undue inducement involves:

A) An excessive risk of harm
B) An irresistibly attractive payment
C) A constraining situation
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 11

Arguments for a right to government-funded health care include all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) Collective societal protection
B) Fair opportunity to use one's capacities
C) Everyone has a right to equal access to all goods.
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 12

All of the following are true of Peter Singer's theory of justice EXCEPT:

A) It proposes that we orient theory around the moral evaluation of social institutions and their responsibilities, legitimacy, and weaknesses.
B) It is grounded in utilitarian beneficence.
C) It points to the gap between ethical principles and the practice of those principles at the international level.
D) It is oriented toward the obligations of agents such as persons and governments.

Question 13

Allocation decisions involve all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Partitioning the comprehensive social budget
B) Allocating within the health budget
C) Allocating within targeted budgets
D) Allocating scarce treatments for patients
E) All of the above ARE included.

Question 14

Procedural strategies for setting allocation priorities would include all of the following target goals EXCEPT:

A) Unobstructed access to a decent minimum of health care through some form of universal insurance that operationalizes the right to health care
B) Creating a system of vouchers that people can use at the physician's office of their choice
C) Developing acceptable incentives for physicians and consumer-patients
D) Constructing a fair system of rationing that does not violate the decent minimum standard
E) Implementing a system that can be put into effect incrementally, without drastic disruption of basic institutions that finance and deliver health care

Question 15

Procedural rules for rationing scarce resources determine a qualifying pool of recipients by taking into account considerations that do NOT include:

A) Constituency (veterans, citizenship, ability to pay)
B) Progress of medical science (research for developing treatments)
C) Prospect of success
D) Most urgent medical need
E) All of the above ARE included.

Question 16

Procedural rules for rationing scarce resources make a final selection of patients from the qualifying pool by taking into account considerations that do NOT include:

A) Medical utility
B) Chance and queuing
C) Social utility
D) Public deliberation about allocation criteria
E) All of the above ARE included.

Question 17

A trade-off between efficiency and equality results when global justice demands:

A) Global rights to health
B) A decent minimum of health care
C) Allocation that incorporates utilitarian standards
D) Allocation that incorporates egalitarian standards
E) All of the above

Question 18

A philosophical account of distributive justice will distinguish between all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Formal and material principles
B) Utility and autonomy
C) Benefits and burdens
D) Fair opportunity and protection from harms

Question 19

The maxim articulating the material principle of an egalitarian theory of justice is:

A) To each person according to rules and actions that maximize social utility
B) To each person a maximum of liberty and property resulting from the exercise of liberty rights and participation in fair free-market exchanges
C) To each person according to principles of fair distribution derived from conceptions of the good developed in moral communities
D) To each person an equal measure of liberty and equal access to the goods in life that every rational person values

Question 20

Which of the following applies to NEITHER the capabilities listed in the capabilities theory of justice NOR the dimensions in the well-being theory?

Question 21

The moral concept of _______ has to do with fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons.

Question 22

The term "________ justice" refers to fair, equitable, and appropriate allocation of benefits and burdens determined by norms that structure the terms of social cooperation.

Question 23

That essential social resources, including health care, should be distributed according to need is an example of a _______ principle of justice.

Question 24

In order to retain all six material principles of justice, one would have to argue that each of these material principles identifies a _____ _____ obligation whose weight cannot be assessed independently of particular goods and domains in which they are applicable.

Question 25

Although the ________ material principle of justice faces serious challenges as a general theory of justice, it can help form just health policies in publicly supported institutions, especially when the policies are formulated using cost-benefit or risk-benefit analysis.

Question 26

The United States, with some exceptions, traditionally accepted what approximates a ________ theory of justice according to which distributions of health insurance and health care were best left to a material principle of ability to pay for insurance and medical care, supplemented by voluntary charitable acts and institutions such as charitable hospitals.

Question 27

No prominent ________ theory has contained a distributive principle that requires equal sharing of all social benefits to all persons. The dominant theories of this type are qualified ones that identify basic equalities while permitting some inequalities.

Question 28

A ________ theory of justice is often critical of other theories based on individual rights and contracts and presents them as lacking in a commitment to the general welfare, to common purposes, and to education in citizenship.

Question 29

According to this theory of justice, each of ten ________ is essential for a human life to not be impoverished below the level of the dignity of a person, and each is the basis of a human right or entitlement.

Question 30

The major concern of the ________ theory of justice is the right to health, not the right to health care.

Question 31

Undue ________ is a distributive injustice of too small a payment to research subjects in relation to the financial gains of a company benefiting from the research.

Question 32

Utilitarian and many egalitarian theories could be fashioned as either global theories or statist theories. The capabilities theory and the well-being theory are explicitly ________ theories. Communitarianism and libertarianism are ________ theories.

Question 33

Public policies of health protection and health care delivery necessarily involve some form and level of ________ in setting priorities in health care budgets and distribution of limited health care resources.

Question 34

In the delivery of health care, ________ is a process of developing and using criteria for prioritization in order to use available medical resources as effectively and as efficiently as possible.