Question 1

Which of the following refers to the ability to replace missing body parts by the regrowth and repatterning of somatic tissue?&#10;A) Metamorphosis&#10;B) Regeneration&#10;C) Growth&#10;D) Homeostasis

Accepted Answer

Regeneration is the process through which organisms replace lost or damaged body parts by regrowing and repatterning somatic tissue.

Question 2

Growth is the increase in mass or overall size of a tissue or organism. Which of the following is not a contributor to growth?&#10;A) Proliferation&#10;B) Enlargement&#10;C) Accretionary growth&#10;D) Apoptosis

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death, which is essential for removing unwanted or damaged cells, rather than contributing to the growth of tissues or organisms.

Question 3

Which of the following is the transcriptional co-activator component to the Drosophila Hippo pathway?&#10;A) Hippo&#10;B) Warts&#10;C) Merlin&#10;D) Yorkie

Accepted Answer

Yorkie is the transcriptional co-activator in the Drosophila Hippo pathway. It is regulated by the pathway and, when active, promotes expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival.

Question 4

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a Wnt pathway member, is a tumor suppressor protein. Which of the options given is true of the APC protein?&#10;A) Its normal function promotes mitotic cell division&#10;B) Its normal function suppresses apoptosis&#10;C) Mutations in the APC gene are inherited in a dominant fashion&#10;D) Loss of APC function promotes mitosis

Accepted Answer

Loss of APC function promotes mitosis by stabilizing beta-catenin, which in turn promotes transcription of genes that drive cell cycle progression.

Question 5

Which of the following represents the correct flow of post-natal growth control?&#10;A) Pituitary - IGF-1 - liver - growth hormone&#10;B) Liver - IGF-1 - Pituitary - growth hormone&#10;C) Liver - growth hormone - Pituitary - IGF-1&#10;D) Pituitary - growth hormone - liver - IGF-1

Accepted Answer

The correct flow of post-natal growth control starts with the pituitary gland, which secretes growth hormone. This hormone then acts on the liver, stimulating it to produce IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1), which plays a crucial role in promoting growth in various tissues.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones induces molting in arthropods?&#10;A) Growth hormone&#10;B) Testosterone&#10;C) Juvenile hormone&#10;D) Ecdysone

Accepted Answer

Ecdysone is the hormone responsible for inducing molting in arthropods. It triggers the process of shedding the old exoskeleton to allow for growth and the development of a new one.

Question 7

Which of the following hormones causes metamorphosis in amphibians?&#10;A) Juvenile hormone&#10;B) Prolactin&#10;C) Ecdysone&#10;D) Thyroid hormone

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is responsible for triggering metamorphosis in amphibians, leading to their transition from larval to adult stages.

Question 8

What is the name given to the proliferative mass of undifferentiated cells at the site of amputation that gives rise to a regenerated limb in amphibians?&#10;A) Neoblast&#10;B) Stem cell&#10;C) Blastula&#10;D) Blastema

Accepted Answer

Blastema is the term used to describe the mass of undifferentiated cells that forms at the site of amputation in amphibians, which subsequently differentiates to regenerate the lost limb.

Question 9

Amphibian limb regeneration depends on the presence of nerves. Which of the following conditions would not support limb regeneration?&#10;A) Amputated limb with no other manipulation&#10;B) Limb that has had its nerves removed early before limb development&#10;C) Denervated limb with treatment of anterior gradient protein&#10;D) Limb that has had its nerves removed late after limb development

Accepted Answer

The answer of Amphibian limb regeneration depends on the presence...

Question 10

Which of the following is the earliest cellular change in the injured zebrafish heart?&#10;A) Electrical coupling&#10;B) Vascularization of cardiac muscle&#10;C) Epicardial activation&#10;D) Endocardial activation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the earliest...

Question 11

Which of the following refers to the age-related decline in function?&#10;A) Dauer&#10;B) Silence&#10;C) Lifespan&#10;D) Senescence

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following refers to the...

Deck 12: Growth, Post-Embryonic Development and Regeneration