Deck 6: Augustine

Question 1

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Write an essay critically examining Augustine's account of evil. What role do God and goodness play in Augustine's theory? What do you think is the strongest objection to the theory? Can this objection be overcome?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-To what logical principle does an evil man present a counterexample, according to Augustine? How does Augustine explain this phenomenon?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Describe Augustine's view of error. Is error always an evil? Is it always blameworthy? What is most the serious error, according to Augustine? Do you agree with him?

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-How plausible is Augustine's view of lying? Under what circumstances does Augustine regard lying as permissible? Do you think there are any counterexamples to his view? If so, present one. If not, what can be said in defense of Augustine's position?

Question 5

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-What is the nature of evil, according to Augustine, and how does it relate to goodness? Why does evil exist, according to Augustine? Do you find his account plausible?

Question 6

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-What is Augustine's view on the morality of lying? Is it ever permissible to tell a lie on his view? Is lying ever excusable? Do you agree with his position? Why or why not?

Question 7

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-How does Augustine respond to those philosophers who claim to be ignorant of everything? Do you think his argument is a good one?

Question 8

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that human beings were made:

A) eternally and unchangeably good.
B) good when taken together, but not good separately.
C) good but not perfect.
D) none of the above.

Question 9

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, evil:

A) diminishes our admiration of the good.
B) has no effect on our admiration of the good.
C) enhances our admiration of the good.
D) makes possible our admiration of the good.

Question 10

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine identifies evil with:

A) the influence of the devil.
B) the absence of good.
C) a unique force, opposed to goodness.
D) pain.

Question 11

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine identifies corruption with:

A) the destruction of what is good.
B) the performance of bad actions.
C) missing the mark.
D) what is hated by God.

Question 12

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that there can be no evil where there is no:

A) hatred.
B) greed.
C) love.
D) good.

Question 13

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that the logical rule that two contraries cannot be predicated at the same time of the same thing:

A) is generally mistaken.
B) is true in most cases, but false in the case of good and evil.
C) is true in all cases.
D) is true in most cases, but false in the case of love and hate.

Question 14

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that to be happy, one must know:

A) the causes of natural occurrences.
B) the causes of good and evil.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 15

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, sin:

A) does more harm to the sinner than to the one sinned against.
B) does more harm to the one sinned against than to the sinner.
C) tends to equally harm the sinner and the one sinned against.
D) cannot truly harm either the sinner or the one sinned against.

Question 16

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-In Augustine's view, lying is:

A) often permissible if done for the right reasons.
B) not evil in itself, although it can have bad consequences.
C) permissible only in very rare circumstances.
D) never permissible.

Question 17

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that being deceived:

A) is sometimes good in itself, and can sometimes have good consequences.
B) is sometimes good in itself, but can never have good consequences.
C) is never good in itself, but can sometimes have good consequences.
D) is never good in itself, and can never have good consequences.

Question 18

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that Academic skepticism:

A) is true, and can be proven.
B) is true, but cannot be proven
C) is false but cannot be refuted.
D) is false and can be refuted.

Question 19

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, error:

A) is always a sin and is always an evil.
B) is always a sin but is not always an evil.
C) is not always a sin but is always an evil.
D) is not always a sin and is not always an evil.

Question 20

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine holds that we can never err:

A) in any circumstances whatsoever.
B) except through ignorance.
C) except through wickedness.
D) except through temptation.

Question 21

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that the essence of error is:

A) accepting what is false as true.
B) accepting what is true on insufficient evidence.
C) failing to believe a truth.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, a person who never lies except to save another person from injury:

A) has attained a high standard of goodness.
B) commits a sinful act.
C) may be justly praised for her good intentions.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that a good wholly without evil is impossible.

Question 24

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, no one errs except through ignorance.

Question 25

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that there are some points on which ignorance is better than knowledge.

Question 26

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-In Augustine's view, all lies are equally bad.

Question 27

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that it is better to say something false while believing it to be true than to say something true while believing it to be false.

Question 28

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, the essence of lying is to have one thought on your heart and the opposite on your lips.

Question 29

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that it is permissible to lie to save another person from injury.

Question 30

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-According to Augustine, speech was given to human beings for the purpose of making their thoughts known to one another.

Question 31

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine asserts that God is the source of all goodness.

Question 32

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love
Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil.
Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.
Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised.
-Augustine claims that every error is a sin.