Deck 36: Nomy Arpaly

Question 1

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, for an action to have positive moral worth it is neither sufficient nor necessary for the action to stem from the agent's interest or desire to perform the action. How does Arpaly argue for this claim? Is her argument convincing? Why or why not?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Why can Huckleberry Finn's actions toward Jim be considered morally praiseworthy according to Arpaly's analysis? Do you agree with Arpaly's analysis? Why or why not?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly claims that a sorrowing philanthropist is more praiseworthy than a happy philanthropist. How does Arpaly argue for this claim? Is her argument convincing? Why or why not?

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-How does Arpaly analyze moral concern? Is Arpaly's account compelling? Why or why not?

Question 5

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly gives several examples of actions that while morally right, lack positive moral worth. Can you think of any other examples? Explain your choices.

Question 6

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, it is possible to conceive of Huckleberry Finn either as a bad boy who accidentally does something good in helping Jim escape or a good boy with imperfect moral knowledge. Which alternative do you find more compelling and why?

Question 7

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Is it important to consider the moral worth of an action over and above its moral desirability in your view? Why or why not?
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Question 8

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly calls the extent to which an agent deserves moral praise or blame for performing an action:

A) the moral desirability of an action.
B) the moral value of an action.
C) the moral virtue of an action.
D) the moral worth of an action.

Question 9

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's terminology, the "moral desirability" of an action is:

A) whether an action is right or wrong.
B) the extent to which an agent desires to perform an action.
C) the extent to which others desire an agent to perform an action.
D) none of the above.

Question 10

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly claims that a person who donates to charity simply on the advice of her accountant:

A) does the right thing.
B) performs a morally desirable action.
C) deserves less praise than someone who acts charitably out of compassion.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly argues that for an agent to be morally praiseworthy for doing the right thing he must necessarily:

A) know the reasons why the action is right.
B) desire to perform the action.
C) be motivated by relevant moral reasons.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's analysis, the moral worth of an action is fundamentally a matter of:

A) the agent's motivations.
B) the agent's knowledge.
C) the agent's ability to deliberate.
D) the agent's self-control.

Question 13

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-For an action to have positive moral worth, Arpaly argues that a desire to perform the action on the part of the agent is:

A) necessary and sufficient.
B) neither necessary nor sufficient.
C) necessary but not sufficient.
D) sufficient but not necessary.

Question 14

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-The phenomenon in which an agent does the right thing, but does so against her own best judgment is called:

A) deficiency of the will.
B) inverse akrasia.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) ill will.

Question 15

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's analysis, Huckleberry Finn's actions toward Jim are best interpreted as:

A) morally blameworthy.
B) motivated by his conscious moral beliefs.
C) morally praiseworthy.
D) unresponsive to moral reasons.

Question 16

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, an agent can be morally blameworthy because of:

A) ill will.
B) a deficiency of motivation.
C) a deficiency of perception.
D) all of the above.

Question 17

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, an agent with a deficiency of good will:

A) is insufficiently responsive to moral reasons.
B) is responsive to immoral reasons.
C) fails to deliberate properly.
D) suffers from inverse akrasia.

Question 18

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's analysis, agents are deficient in moral motivation when:

A) they fail to recognize morally relevant features of their situation.
B) they are not sufficiently moved by morally relevant features of their situation.
C) they lack self-control.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, the degree to which agents are morally praiseworthy depends on:

A) the strength of their moral concern.
B) the depth of their moral deliberation.
C) their degree of self-control.
D) their strength of character.

Question 20

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, depth of moral concern is reliably indicated by:

A) reflective endorsement of moral principles.
B) strength of motivation.
C) the extent of an agent's moral deliberation.
D) all of the above.

Question 21

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, the degree to which agents who act with a deficiency of good will are morally blameworthy depends on:

A) the amount of harm their actions cause.
B) their degree of ill will toward others.
C) the extent of their indifference to relevant moral considerations.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Comparing a happy philanthropist and a sorrowing philanthropist, Arpaly argues that:

A) only the happy philanthropist is praiseworthy
B) the happy philanthropist is more praiseworthy than the sorrowing philanthropist.
C) the sorrowing philanthropist is more praiseworthy than the happy philanthropist.
D) they are equally praiseworthy.

Question 23

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-The moral desirability of an action is distinct from its moral worth according to Arpaly.

Question 24

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly claims that we sometimes act for moral reasons without knowing that we do.

Question 25

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-On Arpaly's view, the person who donates to Oxfam only at the urging of her accountant is morally blameworthy.

Question 26

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Arpaly argues that for agents to be praiseworthy for doing the right thing it is neither necessary nor sufficient that they desire to perform the action.

Question 27

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Agents who suffer from akrasia (i.e. weakness of will) cannot be morally praiseworthy on Arpaly's view.

Question 28

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's analysis, Huckleberry Finn's actions toward Jim can be interpreted as a conscious response to morally significant reasons.

Question 29

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, agents are no less blameworthy for acting wrongly on the basis of a deficiency of good will than they are for acting on the basis of ill will.

Question 30

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-Emotions like guilt, anger, and sadness can be reliable indicators of moral concern on Arpaly's view.

Question 31

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent's moral concerns are revealed by what she reflectively endorses.

Question 32

Julia Annas: Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing
In "Moral Worth," Nomy Arpaly examines a familiar fact of moral life: sometimes the performance of a morally good action does not receive moral praise. For example, we praise the person who acts charitably out of compassion but not the person who donates simply at the advice of his accountant. Although both of these actions are morally desirable-giving to charity is, after all, a morally good thing to do-they differ in what Arpaly calls moral worth. The moral worth of an action, according to Arpaly, is the extent to which an agent deserves praise or blame for performing the action.
On Arpaly's analysis, moral worth is first and foremost a matter of an agent's reasons for acting. Agents are praiseworthy for performing morally good actions when they do so on the basis of morally relevant reasons. Arpaly is quick to point out that doing the right thing for the relevant moral reason is not the same as acting from duty, that is, a desire or interest to perform one's moral duty. This is because we can imagine a case in which an agent is concerned to do his duty and succeeds in doing so, but because of a mistaken view of morality, acts on the basis of morally irrelevant reasons. Arpaly also points out that acting on the basis of morally relevant reasons does not require having correct moral beliefs and uses the case of Huckleberry Finn as an illustration. Huck believes-incorrectly-that helping Jim escape from slavery is morally wrong. But in an instance of inverse akrasia, Huck does the right thing and helps Jim regardless. According to Arpaly, Huck is praiseworthy because despite his flawed moral beliefs, his actions can be interpreted as having been moved by morally relevant features of his situation, such as Jim's personhood.
Arpaly next considers when an agent is blameworthy for doing the wrong thing. As before, Arpaly's analysis turns on the motivations of the agent. If an agent performs a morally bad action on the basis of something manifestly immoral, such as a desire to inflict suffering, then she is clearly blameworthy. Agents are also blameworthy-although less so-when they act wrongly because of insufficient responsiveness to moral reasons. As this analysis makes clear, moral worth is a matter of degree on Arpaly's view. According to Arpaly's analysis, an agent is more praiseworthy the stronger the moral concern that lead to his or her action. Conversely, agents are more blameworthy the greater their indifference to moral reasons and greater still when they act from ill will.
-According to Arpaly, a sorrowing philanthropist is not as praiseworthy as a happy philanthropist.