Question 1

Scores on a maths test are an example of what type of data?&#10;A) Nominal&#10;B) Interval&#10;C) Ratio&#10;D) Ordinal

Accepted Answer

Ratio data have a meaningful zero point and allow for comparisons of absolute magnitudes. Scores on a maths test start at zero (meaning no questions were answered correctly) and can be compared in terms of how much higher one score is than another, making them an example of ratio data.

Question 2

If I wanted to conduct an experiment on the effect of caffeine consumption on memory scores, what types of data would I need to collect for my independent (IV) and dependent variable (DV)?&#10;A) IV = Nominal & DV = Continuous&#10;B) IV = Nominal & DV = Nominal&#10;C) IV = Continuous & DV = Nominal&#10;D) IV = Continuous & DV = Continuous

Accepted Answer

The independent variable (caffeine consumption) can be categorized into groups (e.g., no caffeine, low caffeine, high caffeine), making it nominal. The dependent variable (memory scores) is measured on a scale that allows for a range of values, making it continuous.

Question 3

What would be a correct way to describe a negative correlation between stress and well-being scores?&#10;A) As stress levels increase, well-being scores increase.&#10;B) As stress levels increase, well-being scores decrease.&#10;C) Stress levels affect levels of well-being.&#10;D) There is no relationship between stress and well-being.

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. Therefore, if stress levels increase, well-being scores decrease, which is accurately described in option B.

Question 4

A key aim of qualitative research is to&#8230;&#10;A) identify key themes in a dataset.&#10;B) explore how one variable is related to another.&#10;C) test for the effect of one variable on another.&#10;D) collect quantifiable data.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research focuses on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences through analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations, aiming to identify key themes or patterns in the dataset.

Question 5

Which one of the following would be an example of qualitative data?&#10;A) Scores on an intelligence test&#10;B) One's annual income&#10;C) Being male or female&#10;D) Posts on a discussion forum

Accepted Answer

Qualitative data refers to non-numerical information that describes qualities or characteristics. Posts on a discussion forum are examples of qualitative data because they consist of text that can be analyzed for themes, sentiments, or patterns, rather than numerical values.

Question 6

If I was conducting a study on the effect of a new anti-depressant drug (compared to a placebo drug) on depression scores, which one of the following would be a suitable one-tailed hypothesis?&#10;A) There will be an effect of drug type on depression scores.&#10;B) Drug type and depression scores will be related.&#10;C) Those who are given the new drug will show lower levels of depression in comparison to those given the placebo.&#10;D) There will be no effect of drug type on depression scores.

Accepted Answer

A one-tailed hypothesis predicts the direction of the effect. Choice C specifically predicts that the new drug will lower depression scores compared to the placebo, which is a directional hypothesis suitable for a one-tailed test.

Question 7

How closely a study resembles real-world scenarios is an example of which type of validity?&#10;A) External validity&#10;B) Construct validity&#10;C) Ecological validity&#10;D) Internal validity

Accepted Answer

Ecological validity refers to how well the findings of a study can be generalized to, or across, real-world settings. This type of validity emphasizes the importance of the study's context and the extent to which the experimental conditions mimic real-life situations.

Question 8

Which of the following would be a good example of internal consistency?&#10;A) When a participant scores similarly on an IQ test across two different time points&#10;B) When a participant responds similarly across items within a questionnaire that are aimed to assess the same thing&#10;C) When two (or more) people score or code data in a similar fashion&#10;D) When your measure is assessing the thing you want it to measure

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency refers to how well the items within a single test or questionnaire measure the same construct or concept. Choice B, which describes a participant responding similarly across items within a questionnaire designed to assess the same thing, directly reflects this idea by indicating that the items are consistently measuring the same underlying attribute or construct.

Question 9

If your study required you to deceive your participants about its aims, how might you go about dealing with this issue ethically?&#10;A) Nothing. There is nothing unethical about deception.&#10;B) Change the study so that it no longer deceives participants.&#10;C) Ensure your study includes a consent form.&#10;D) Ensure your debrief explains the real aims of the study and why the deception was necessary.

Accepted Answer

Deception in research is considered ethically acceptable only if it is necessary for the integrity of the study and if participants are fully debriefed afterwards. The debrief should explain the true nature of the study and why deception was necessary, allowing participants to understand the context of their involvement and ensuring that any potential harm or misunderstanding is addressed.

Question 10

Where should the hypotheses of a study be presented in the write up of a psychological research paper?&#10;A) At the end of the introduction section&#10;B) At the beginning of the introduction section&#10;C) In the results section before you analyse the data&#10;D) In the design and analysis section of the methods

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses in a psychological research paper are typically presented at the end of the introduction section. This placement allows the reader to understand the background, rationale, and objectives of the study before being introduced to the specific hypotheses the study aims to test.

Deck 1: The Basics of Research Design