Deck 4: Anxiety, Trauma- and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Question 1

All of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A)muscle tension.
B)Susceptibility to fatigue..
C)insomnia.
D)hypersomnia.

Answer 1

hypersomnia.

Question 2

Recent research by Barlow (2002)and others indicates that vulnerability to anxiety disorders is related to

A)one's sense of control over environmental events.
B)the number of unexpected occurrences in one's life.
C)the number of siblings in one's family.
D)genetic or biological factors only.

Answer 2

one's sense of control over environmental events.

Question 3

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the heredity of anxiety?

A)An inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight.
B)A single gene makes us vulnerable to anxiety.
C)Panic disorder does not run in families.
D)Environmental stress is the direct cause of panic disorder.

Answer 3

An inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight.

Question 4

The alarm reaction to danger that is triggered by anxiety primarily involves the ________ nervous system.

A)autonomic
B)parasympathetic
C)peripheral
D)somatic

Question 5

DSM criteria of panic attacks include all of the following symptoms

A)sweating.
B)Fear of losing control or going crazy.
C)trembling or shaking.
D)migraine headaches.

Question 6

Which of the following terms is most associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A)Fear
B)Panic
C)Worry
D)Emotion

Question 7

Which of the following does NOT characterize the mood state known as anxiety?

A)Increased heart rate
B)Physical tension
C)euphoric mood
D)Subjective sense of unease

Question 8

According to Jeffrey Gray,a British neuropsychologist,the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)is activated by danger signals ________,resulting in the experience of anxiety.

A)ascending from the brain stem
B)descending from the cortex
C)arising from both the brain stem and the cortex
D)within the amygdala only

Question 9

People with GAD

A)have a median age of onset based of 25 (based on interviews).
B)have episodes that come and go in a cyclic pattern.
C)have a 58 percent chance of recovery after having the disorder for 12 years.
D)Are better prepared for daily activities and long term achievement. 

Question 10

For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),the typical pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as

A)benzodiazepines.
B)SSRIs.
C)tricyclics.
D)MAO inhibitors.

Question 11

The area of the brain most often associated with anxiety is the

A)limbic system.
B)pons.
C)occipital lobe.
D)medulla.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding anxiety?

A)Anxiety is an evolutionary flaw.
B)Anxiety used to have a function in our ancestors' time, but is no longer relevant to modern humans
C)Anxiety is good for us because it enhances performance
D)Anxiety is sometimes good for us; it enhances performance to an extent, but too much of it can hinder performance too.

Question 13

According to recent research (Johnson et al.,2000),an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders was found among teenagers who

A)smoked marijuana.
B)smoked cigarettes.
C)drank alcohol.
D)used steroids.

Question 14

Hideki was attending his fifth baseball game at Condor Stadium,where he had previously had a panic attack.He did not know if he would have a panic attack today,but shortly after entering the stadium,he did.This type of panic attack is

A)situationally predisposed.
B)situationally bound.
C)cued.
D)uncued.

Question 15

Which type of panic attack is most closely related to phobias?

A)Situationally predisposed
B)Situationally bound
C)Unexpected
D)Uncued

Question 16

Research studies have found that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)is most common among

A)young adult males.
B)teenaged girls.
C)adults over 45 years old.
D)the elderly.

Question 17

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is associated not only with anxiety,but also with depression?

A)GABA-benzodiazepine
B)Noradrenergic
C)Serotonergic
D)Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Question 18

Which physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)from nonanxious normal subjects?

A)Increased muscle tension
B)Increased heart rate
C)Decreased EEG beta activity
D)Decreased skin conductance levels

Question 19

In what way can worry be useful?

A)It helps us plan for the future.
B)It makes sure we are prepared for a task.
C)It makes us double check that we have thought of everything before leaving on a trip.
D)All of the above

Question 20

According to the textbook,the experience of fear can be described as a(n)

A)immediate alarm reaction to danger.
B)Irrational response.
C)neurotic response.
D)Culture-specific phenomenon.

Question 21

A relative of yours who suffers from panic disorder asks you what treatment would have the most long-lasting benefits.Since you have just read about the double-blind NIMH research study evaluating psychological treatments with and without medication,you tell your relative to first try

A)the drug imipramine.
B)psychological treatment along with medication.
C)panic control treatment that includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
D)any available treatment, since patients in all treatment conditions achieved the same long-lasting gains.

Question 22

Nocturnal panic attacks generally occur when an individual is

A)in REM sleep.
B)having a nightmare.
C)deeply asleep.
D)dreaming.

Question 23

Agoraphobic avoidance behavior appears to be determined by

A)how recently the last panic attack occurred.
B)the extent to which the person expects another panic attack to occur.
C)the number of panic attacks the person has had in the past.
D)how severe the panic attacks have been.

Question 24

According to your textbook,there are at least three ways of developing a phobia.Which is NOT one of these ways?

A)Experiencing a panic attack in a specific situation
B)Having a nightmare about a feared situation
C)Observing someone else experience severe fear
D)In certain conditions, being told about danger

Question 25

A teenage girl had recently been having panic attacks while shopping at the mall.She was sitting in her room feeling very depressed.To cheer her up,a friend suggested that they both go to an exercise class.Shortly after the warm-up started,however,she had another panic attack.What is the best explanation for this occurrence?

A)She was angry with the friend for insisting that she go out.
B)The sudden change in physiological arousal and mood triggered the panic attack.
C)The physical sensations experienced during exercise had become an internal cue for panic to occur.
D)The exercise class was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack.

Question 26

The main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder (PD)is that

A)people with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation.
B)people with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other times.
C)people with PD experience panic attacks only in specific situations.
D)people with PD experience panic attacks only at specific times.

Question 27

In the type of specific phobia called "blood-injury-injection," there is an inherited vasovagal response and a tendency to faint due to

A)an increase in blood pressure.
B)a decrease in blood pressure.
C)an increase in body temperature.
D)a decrease in body temperature.

Question 28

All of the following are characteristics common to specific phobias

A)strong and persistent anxiety related to a specific object or situation.
B)significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid the phobic situation.
C)recognition by the person with the phobia that the anxiety is excessive or unreasonable.
D)Chronically decreased arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 29

Which of the following procedures is NOT part of Barlow's panic control treatment (PCT)?

A)Cognitive therapy to modify conscious or unconscious perceptions about the "dangerousness" of feared situations
B)Creation of mini panic attacks in the therapist's office
C)Exercises to elevate the heart rate or spinning to make the patient dizzy
D)Reducing interfering memories from early experiences with frightening stimuli.

Question 30

Agoraphobia,which has come to mean "fear of going out," derives from the Greek word agora,meaning

A)marketplace.
B)home.
C)travel.
D)safe.

Question 31

In the early 1990s,Barlow and others developed a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)that helps the patient

A)avoid feelings of anxiety as well as the negative images associated with those feelings.
B)confront anxiety-provoking thoughts and images.
C)adjust medication levels as needed to cope with the anxiety.
D)analyze the unconscious sources of the anxiety.

Question 32

You are told about a child who has shown behavior consistent with "separation anxiety." In order to determine if the child actually has a disorder or whether the behavior is normal,you would first need to know

A)the child's age.
B)whether the child is a boy or a girl.
C)if other family members have anxiety disorders.
D)how long the child has shown this behavior.

Question 33

Although blood-injury-injection phobia is a specific phobia,it differs from others with regard to

A)blood pressure and heart rate.
B)level of anxiety.
C)The way the fear is conditioned.
D)Level of patients' insight.

Question 34

An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs,exercising,or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack.In psychological terms,the exercise and hot rooms have become

A)conditioned stimuli.
B)unconditioned stimuli.
C)conditioned responses.
D)unconditioned responses.

Question 35

Panic disorder is characterized by all of the following ?

A)severe, unexpected rushes of fear or discomfort
B)close relationship to agoraphobia
C)belief that one is going crazy or dying when suffering a panic attack
D)Preoccupation with minor daily events.

Question 36

What is one factor that distinguishes between traditional exposure-based treatments for panic disorder and the more recent panic control treatment (PCT)developed at one of Barlow's clinics?

A)Exposure to the interoceptive sensations associated with panic attacks
B)Referral to a psychiatrist for medication monitoring
C)Traditional exposure-based treatments resulting in a higher rate of cures
D)As part of PCT, the therapist accompanying the patient on "reality testing" activities

Question 37

In treating panic disorder,all of the following types of medications are used

A)tricyclic antidepressants.
B)SSRIs.
C)Steroids.
D)benzodiazepines.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an example of a situational phobia?

A)Claustrophobia
B)Fear of flying
C)Fear of public buses
D)Snake phobia

Question 39

The phenomenon known as "isolated sleep paralysis" is most likely to occur in ________ who suffer from panic disorder.

A)Caucasians
B)African Americans
C)Latinos
D)Asians

Question 40

A friend stated that when she went to a clinic,she had to spend 30- to 60-second sessions shaking her head from side to side,spinning in a chair,tensing all her muscles,hyperventilating,or breathing through a narrow straw.She is most likely receiving treatment for

A)specific phobia.
B)social phobia.
C)panic disorder.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the treatment of specific phobias?

A)Structured exposure-based exercises are no longer considered necessary.
B)Individuals with "blood" phobias must learn to relax their muscles to keep their blood pressure high enough to prevent fainting.
C)Exposure-based exercises actually change brain functioning.
D)Avoiding a phobic situation weakens the phobic response.

Question 42

What is the role of parents in treating separation anxiety disorder?

A)Parents are instructed to separate themselves from the child for at least two weeks to expose him/her to the feared scenario
B)Parents are instructed to accommodate their child by reassuring them promptly each time he/she expressed separation fears
C)Parents can be coached real-time in how to respond appropriately to the child's resistance to separation
D)Parents are not involved because the child must learn to independently solve their problems.

Question 43

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)prevalence rates of U.S.veterans returning home from the war in Vietnam was directly related to their
Separation from family.

A)high rates of drug addiction.
B)youth and inexperience.
C)amount of combat exposure.
D)separation from family.

Question 44

The anxiety disorder called social phobia,involving anxiety about being evaluated or criticized,usually begins during

A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)young adulthood.
D)middle age.

Question 45

In the general population,approximately ________ percent of people have specific fears severe enough to be diagnosed as phobias.

A)1
B)11
C)31
D)51

Question 46

Which of the following is an accurate statement about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A)Acute stress disorder is diagnosed instead of PTSD if a person's symptoms begin 6 months or more after the traumatic event.
B)PTSD occurs in all individuals who experience a traumatic event.
C)Most people diagnosed with acute stress disorder do not eventually develop PTSD.
D)A diagnosis of acute stress disorder will change to a diagnosis of PTSD one month after the traumatic event occurs.

Question 47

The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by a triad of feelings,including all of the following

A)horror.
B)paranoia.
C)helplessness.
D)fear.

Question 48

A psychological disorder in children characterized by unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents,and that may result in refusal to leave home,is called

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)school phobia.
C)situational phobia.
D)separation anxiety.

Question 49

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)display a characteristic set of symptoms including all of the following

A)numbing of emotional responsiveness.
B)sudden "flashbacks" in which the traumatic event is relived.
C)decreased startle response and chronically decreased autonomic arousal
D)memories and nightmares of the event.

Question 50

The typical age of onset for both animal and natural environment phobias peaks at around ___ years.

A)7
B)9
C)11
D)13

Question 51

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of social phobia?

A)A student who is reluctant to speak up in a classroom due to fear of embarrassing herself
B)A male who has difficulty urinating in a public restroom when others are present
C)A person who can only eat comfortably when he is alone
D)An individual who cannot travel on public transportation without a family member present

Question 52

Following the 9/11/2001 attacks,among the sample of respondents who lived closest to the World Trade Center,the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)was _________ percent.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)25

Question 53

Unlike most of the anxiety disorders in which female sufferers predominate,the sex ratio is almost equal in

A)agoraphobia.
B)specific phobias.
C)social phobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 54

Phobias characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed places are called situational phobias,and the typical onset age for those who suffer from them is

A)childhood.
B)late adolescence.
C)early adulthood.
D)midlife.

Question 55

In Japan,the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of

A)performing onstage.
B)personally offending others.
C)embarrassing oneself.
D)speaking to females.

Question 56

Manuel had a fear of riding on buses,so his mother had to drive him to school every day.Manuel's phobia is a(n)_________ phobia.

A)situational
B)natural environment
C)blood-injury-injection
D)animal

Question 57

A culture bound syndrome in Chinese cultures called pa-leng (or sometimes "frigo phobia")often results in the sufferer

A)appearing naked in public.
B)wearing many layers of clothing.
C)exercising compulsively.
D)hoarding food.

Question 58

The most prevalent psychological disorder in the general population is

A)specific phobia.
B)agoraphobia.
C)social phobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 59

Since 1999,the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)has approved all of the following medications for the treatment of social anxiety disorder

A)Zoloft.
B)Ritalin.
C)Effexor.
D)Paxil.

Question 60

According to research as many as ________ percent of the general population suffer from social phobia at some point in their lives.

A)3
B)12
C)23
D)33

Question 61

Regarding pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder,the most effective drugs are those that inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitter called

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)noradrenaline.
D)epinephrine.

Question 62

Regarding the obsessions seen in patients with OCD,the term "need for symmetry" refers to

A)doing something a number of different ways.
B)keeping things in perfect order.
C)putting everything on one's right and nothing on the left, or vice versa.
D)an illusion of imbalance between sides of the body.

Question 63

Which of the following would be an example of thought-action fusion in clients with OCD?

A)Washing one's hands repeatedly to ward off germs
B)Taking only very small steps while walking to prevent others from being in danger
C)Believing that thinking about an abortion is the moral equivalent of having an abortion
D)Saving stacks of old newspapers or magazines because they might be needed some day

Question 64

The model of the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the text suggests that in order for an individual to develop OCD,________ must be present.

A)biological vulnerability
B)psychological vulnerability
C)both biological and psychological vulnerabilities
D)neither biological nor psychological vulnerabilities

Question 65

What element of OCD applies to Richard (the case described in the textbook),who was obsessed with the idea that if he did not eat in a certain ritualistic way,he would become possessed?

A)Need for symmetry
B)Magical thinking
C)Emotional reasoning.
D)Demonic obsessions

Question 66

In the case of Richard,the patient with OCD described in the textbook,he was compelled to take very small steps as he walked and to look back repeatedly.As with other types of checking compulsions,Richard was trying to

A)restore a sense of safety and control.
B)reduce the possibility of contamination.
C)ward off an imagined disaster.
D)make sure he didn't make a mistake.

Question 67

According to research studies reported in the textbook,people with OCD who hold fundamentalist religious beliefs often present with

A)both checking and hoarding rituals.
B)a reduced sense of responsibility for their actions.
C)attitudes of inflated responsibility.
D)nonequivalence of obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions.

Question 68

When the term "magical" is used to refer to OCD-related compulsive acts,it means

A)the person with OCD believes he/she is possessed.
B)compulsive behaviors sometimes result in unexplainable physical phenomena.
C)the compulsions have no logical relation to the obsessions.
D)many magicians have been diagnosed with OCD.

Question 69

Normal,ordinary people who have occasional intrusive thoughts with bizarre,sexual,or aggressive content would not be considered to have OCD.However,they would if they found the thoughts unacceptable or even dangerous and also

A)use alcohol or other drugs to reduce anxiety.
B)develop insomnia and nightmares.
C)become anxious about having further intrusive thoughts.
D)suffer from either posttraumatic stress disorder or social phobia.

Question 70

Which of the following would NOT be an example of an OCD-related behavioral compulsion?

A)Checking
B)Aggression
C)Hand washing
D)Ordering

Question 71

Tony has thoughts about hating his younger brother and wishing he would die.He becomes very anxious about these thoughts because he has developed the idea that if anything really happened to his brother,it would be his fault.For no explainable reason,Tony starts mentally counting by odd numbers each time he walks past his brother's room and discovers that this activity makes him less anxious.Tony's behavior can be described as

A)a phobia of going into his brother's room because he is afraid his hatred will actually hurt him.
B)a mental compulsion developed to neutralize his bad thoughts.
C)an attempt to be better in math than his brother to gain parental acceptance.
D)a compulsive ritual designed to make him like his brother more.

Question 72

A young child has thoughts about hating her younger brother and wishing he would die.She becomes very anxious about these thoughts because she has developed the idea that if anything really happened to him,it would be her fault.This pattern of thinking is called

A)neutralizing.
B)thought-action fusion.
C)thought suppression.
D)fundamental responsibility.

Question 73

What happens when people with OCD attempt to neutralize or suppress disturbing,intrusive thoughts?

A)The obsessive thoughts disappear
B)The frequency of the obsessive thoughts increases over time
C)The frequency of the obsessive thoughts decreases over time
D)This strategy has no effect on the obsessive thoughts

Question 74

Actions,or sometimes thoughts,that an individual with OCD uses to reduce anxiety are called

A)operants.
B)fixations.
C)habits.
D)rituals.

Question 75

According to several cross-cultural research studies reported in the textbook,the prevalence of OCD is

A)very similar across cultures.
B)lower in European countries.
C)higher in African nations.
D)virtually nonexistent in some cultures.

Question 76

Jenike,et al.(1986)found that the most common obsessions in a group of 100 patients were related to

A)aggression.
B)sex.
C)contamination.
D)symmetry.

Question 77

Regarding treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders,drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (SSRIs)have been found to be effective in approximately ________ percent of patients.

A)10
B)30
C)60
D)80

Question 78

The compulsions that an individual with OCD uses to suppress disastrous consequences or ward off intrusive thoughts can be either

A)behavioral or mental.
B)positive or negative.
C)biological or psychological.
D)autonomic or somatic.

Question 79

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often accompanied by all of the following

A)severe generalized anxiety.
B)major depression.
C)visual hallucinations.
D)panic attacks.

Question 80

Which of the following is an accurate statement about factors affecting treatment for PTSD?

A)Victims of PTSD remember the traumatic events with perfect accuracy.
B)Victims of PTSD often repress memories of the traumatic event.
C)Re-exposure to the trauma should be accomplished quickly to assure the best therapeutic response.
D)PTSD patients should never be re-exposed to emotions and situations that remind them of the trauma event.