Deck 6: Varieties of Consciousness

Question 1

Researchers who engage in consciousness studies often define consciousness as

A)an objective experience of reality
B) a phenomenon that defies a single consensus definition
C) an experience caused by specific neurons in the cortex
D) a well -defined physiological state

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If one were to settle on a single description of consciousness, it would most likely include:

A) "each person's unique subjective experience in the world"
B)"every person's universal experience of feelings"
C) "a unique phenomenon confined to the human mind"
D) "a universal aspect of life on earth"

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to philosopher John Searle, consciousness consists of

A)inner, qualitative, subjective states and feelings or awareness
B)outward behavior and the internal representations of actions
C) intentional, qualitative, and objective states of being
D) mental imagery during waking and dreaming

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When philosophers describe the qualitativeness of something like consciousness, they mean to say that something is conscious if

A) it engages in social behavior
B) it constructs meaning using symbols
C) it has feelings and awareness
D) it makes rational choices

Question 5

Consciousness is described as subjective, meaning that it cannot

A)exist independent of its "owner"
B) be derived from objective experience
C) exist without external stimulation
D) be totally innate

Question 6

As you read a book you perceive the words, the feeling of the book in your hands, and other aspects of your environment as a whole because of this aspect of consciousness.

A) qualitativeness
B) subjectivity
C) reductivism
D) unity

Question 7

The hard problem of consciousness is that scientists must explain how it is that

A)the brain's processes lead to a subjective conscious state
B) the brain integrates sensations from different sensory modalities
C) the mind evolved from the primitive brains of Neanderthals
D) the brain and the mind are distinctively different

Question 8

All of the following are generally referred to as altered states of consciousness (ASC), EXCEPT:

A) dreaming
B) hypnosis
C) divided attention
D) meditation

Question 9

Temporary and sometimes radical changes in the pattern of a person's subjective experience are called

A) hallucinations
B) altered states of consciousness
C) virtual reality
D) heightened states of consciousness

Question 10

The barely perceptible and involuntary periods of sleep lasting from 3 to 15 seconds that we may experience are called

A) nanosleeps
B) microsleeps
C) light naps
D) narcoleptic sleeps

Question 11

Sleep deprivation causes all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT:

A) brief, mild hallucinations
B) irritability
C) impaired decision making
D) heightened awareness

Question 12

How long must a human being live without sleeping in order for the symptoms to be deadly?

A) 3 to 5 days
B) 12 to 24 months
C) 7 to 36 months
D) a human cannot be killed by sleep deprivation alone

Question 13

Although she may believe that we are getting enough sleep, the average African- American female sleeps about

A) 6 to 7 hours a night
B) 8 to 10 hours a night
C) 5 to 6 hours a night
D) 3 to 4 hours a night

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding connections between sleep and health?

A)People in good health generally sleep fewer hours than people in bad health.
B)It is only necessary for children and adolescents to sleep 7 to 8 hours a night.
C) People who sleep less than 6 hours a night have higher mortality rates than those who sleep for 7 or 8 hours.
D) When people are deprived of sleep for a period of 5 or more days, their likelihood of suffering a seizure increases by 65 percent.

Question 15

Any biochemical, physiological, or behavioral cycle that adheres to a near-24-hour schedule is known as a

A) circadian rhythm
B) natural biological rhythm
C) homeostatic rhythm
D) pacemaker rhythm

Question 16

The circadian pacemaker of the human body consists of neurons located in the

A) hippocampus
B) olfactory bulb
C) preoptic area
D) hypothalamus

Question 17

The suprachiasmic nuclei of the hypothalamus synchronize and maintain our

A) circadian rhythm
B) motivation to sleep
C) perception of time
D) homeostatic mechanism

Question 18

This hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is stimulated during periods of darkness, and inhibited by exposure to light.

A) adrenaline
B) cortisol
C) melatonin
D) progesterone

Question 19

Melatonin is secreted during darkness and promotes sleep by

A)stimulating the increase in the neurotransmitter GABA
B) inhibiting the brain's mechanisms for promoting wakefulness
C) regulating the supply of blood to the limbs and brain
D) activating the sleep homeostat

Question 20

One time of day when sleepiness is usually at its strongest is during mid-afternoon, at about 3:00 p.m. Researchers have found that

A) it is during these hours that sleep-related traffic accidents peak
B) cultures in which afternoon naps are common exhibit a better quality of life
C) this is the time that our internal body temperature is at its peak
D) this period of the day is associated with a reduction in the rate of business transactions.

Question 21

Somewhat ironically, one period of the day in which people feel the most awake is at

A) 8:00 pm
B) 12:00 am
C) 12:00 pm
D) 3:00 am

Question 22

The coordinated biological functions that keep track of how much sleep (particularly deep sleep) you have had the previous night versus how long you have been awake on a given day is called the

A) sleep clock
B) sleep generator
C) sleep homeostat
D) sleep apnea

Question 23

When you sleep late on the weekends after a week of insufficient sleep during weekdays, you are experiencing an example of

A) sleep homesostasis
B) sleep deprivation
C) circadian regulation
D) sleep debt

Question 24

As they fall asleep, many people experience unusual auditory and visual illusions and bodily sensations known as

A) somnambulism
B) hyperphasia
C) hypnogogia
D) hypnotic suggestion

Question 25

In addition to rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming, REM sleep is generally characterized by

A) an increase in the incidence of sleep walking
B) the urge to act out one's dreams
C) a decrease in activity in the pons region of the brain
D) an increase of activity throughout the brain and nervous system

Question 26

The first four stages of sleep consist only of this type of sleep.

A) NREM
B) REM
C) EEG
D) Beta

Question 27

The different brain waves associated with the five stages of sleep can be recorded by this imaging technique.

A) fMRI
B) MRI
C) EEG
D) PET

Question 28

The brain waves that accompany normal wakefulness are called

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) delta waves

Question 29

When a person is in deep sleep, the corresponding brain waves are slow and wide, which means that they are

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) delta waves

Question 30

You come home to find your roommate sitting on the couch with his eyes closed, but when you walk into the room, he insists that he was not asleep. He was, however, likely in this stage of sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) REM
D) Stage 3

Question 31

Stage 2 sleep lasts only about 10 to 20 minutes and is characterized by these sudden short bursts of higher voltage brain activity.

A) k-complexes
B) sleep spindles
C) REM dreams
D) hypnogogia

Question 32

You have fallen asleep for much longer than the 20 minutes you anticipated napping. Because of that, you find that it takes much longer for your alertness to return once awake. You most likely awoke out of this sleep stage.

A)Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) REM
D) Stage 4

Question 33

Also known as Stage 5 sleep, most of the dreaming that we remember occurs during this part of the sleep cycle.

A) NREM
B) REM
C) hypnogogia
D) AREM

Question 34

Though it follows stages of deep sleep, the brain waves observed in people engaged in REM sleep are

A) more typical of those in wakeful states
B) more symmetrical than deep sleep
C) very large compared to those of deep sleepers
D) less complex than in waking states

Question 35

Despite the increase in brain activity evident during REM sleep, the sleeper also experiences temporary

A) aphasia
B) consciousness
C) paralysis
D) hallucinations

Question 36

Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of stages of the sleep cycle throughout an entire night?

A) Stage 2 sleep is typically the longest lasting sleep stage at the end of the cycle
B) The end of a night's sleep corresponds with the disappearance of NREM Stages 3 and 4.
C) REM sleep is most prevalent early in the night, when the sleeper has just begun sleeping.
D) NREM takes up about 50% of the sleep cycle as sleep progresses.

Question 37

Evidence for both of the functions of sleep beyond pure rest and restoration of the body and brain come from research that shows

A) that sleep selectively improves recall of emotional events
B)that sleep suppresses emotionally neutral events
C) that sleep enhances processing of background details
D) that sleep is related only to recall of implicit, nonconscious material

Question 38

Researchers use this term as a way to describe all mental activity that occurs during sleep.

A) dreaming
B) sleep thinking
C) sleep mentation
D) hypnogogia

Question 39

If you had been thinking during sleep about material on a test scheduled for the following day or making a list of things you needed to take care of over the weekend, this type of sleep mentation had occurred.

A) sleep thinking
B) lucid dreaming
C) apex dreaming
D) normal cognition

Question 40

The main difference between sleep thinking and other sorts of dreaming is that sleep thinking is

A) unintentional and uncontrollable
B) hallucinatory and vivid
C) irrational and strange
D) unemotional and non-hallucinatory

Question 41

The category of sleep mentation known as "ordinary dreaming" mostly takes place during this phase of sleep.

A) REM
B) NREM
C) Stage 1
D) slow-wave

Question 42

Nightmares and sexual dreams are the most common types of this category of sleep mentation.

A) apex dreams
B) lucid dreams
C) sleep thinking
D) ordinary dreams

Question 43

When she is in the midst of a lucid dream, Lucia will not

A)ask herself if she is really dreaming
B) look at her hands to verify the conscious experience
C) accept irrational events as being real
D) be aware of her real conscious self

Question 44

Susan Blackmore reported that writing the letter D on one hand and the letter A on the other hand and examining them throughout the day is a good way to train oneself to

A) meditate while at work
B) hallucinate during sleep
C) become lucid during dreaming
D) enable hypnotic suggestion

Question 45

Which of the following best describes Freud's theory regarding why people dream?

A)People dream to fulfill their unconscious wishes and desires.
B) People dream to help solve problems or regulate mood disturbances during the previous day.
C) People dream because REM sleep elicits random activation of memories.
D) People dream because it allows them to rehearse responses to threating situations.

Question 46

Despite the cultural changes throughout the 20th century, young adults tend to dream about various forms of this more than anything else.

A) sex
B) aggression
C) social exclusion
D) verbal abuse

Question 47

Which of the following describes the most likely scenario regarding a young adult's dreaming experience?

A) Raja is constantly dreaming about a sexual encounter last year, which left her bruised and emotionally shaken.
B) When Jefferson recalls his dreams, they tend to involve some sexual experience with a woman.
C) Last night Jasmine dreamt that she arrived at class, but had forgotten all of her pens and therefore could not take her exam.
D) A week ago Reggie told a friend of his that he has been dreaming about his own death.

Question 48

All of the following describe true statements about the content of dreams, EXCEPT:

A) Most of the time, people dream about things that they hardly ever experience.
B) There is a large amount of continuity between the content of dreams and people's waking thoughts.
C) If one falls asleep in front of the television or with the radio on, the external stimuli can invade the dream.
D) Much of the content of dreams is stable across cultures, with a few predictable cultural differences.

Question 49

The percentage of American adults that experience at least one symptom of a sleep problem any given week is about

A) 65%
B) 70%
C) 35%
D) 75%

Question 50

The percentage of Americans "at risk" for the major sleep disorders is about

A) 55%
B) 74%
C) 18%
D) 34%

Question 51

This sleep disorder is defined as the chronic difficulty to fall asleep, stay asleep, and/or obtain a restful sleep.

A) narcolepsy
B) parasomnia
C) insomnia
D) sleep apnea

Question 52

One particularly serious consequence of insomnia identified by researchers is that

A)insomniacs tend to stay up later than normal sleepers.
B) insomnia can increase the risk of other physical and psychological disorders.
C) lack of sleep can sometime improve mood to the point of mania.
D) almost twice as many women as men suffer from insomnia.

Question 53

The sufferers of this sleep disorder experience hundreds of episodes a night, during which the brain and body do not receive enough oxygen.

A) narcolepsy
B) obstructive sleep apnea
C) REM sleep behavior disorder
D) insomnia

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT one of the more common parasomnias?

A) somnilogy
B) bedwetting
C) nightmares
D) night terrors

Question 55

If you awaken to find your roommate seemingly acting out his dream by knocking things off of his nightstand, attempting to jump around the room, and talking, he likely has this parasomnia.

A) somnilogy
B) REM-sleep behavior disorder
C) somnambulism
D) night terrors

Question 56

This parasomnia occurs during NREM sleep, but is often characterized by screaming, increased heart rate, and sweating.

A) nightmares
B) somnambulism
C) NREM-sleep behavior disorder
D) night terrors

Question 57

Judah is 5 years old, and his parents are concerned because they have found him cleaning up his toys late at night several times this week. When they try to ask him what he is doing he is unresponsive, but after a few minutes he will walk back to his room and sleep on the floor. Judah most likely has this parasomnia.

A) somnambulism
B) REM-sleep behavior disorder
C) narcolepsy
D) night terrors

Question 58

This sleep disorder is understood to be a neurological disorder of a person's sleep homeostat.

A) night terrors
B) somnambulism
C) REM-sleep behavior disorder
D) narcolepsy

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding narcolepsy is FALSE?

A) Narcolepsy sufferers may begin to dream vividly the moment they fall asleep.
B) Narcolepsy is associated with a dysfunction in the ability of the brain to produce the hormone hypocretin.
C) Narcolepsy sufferers may fall asleep while driving a car or operating machinery.
D) During narcoleptic sleeps the normal progression from NREM to REM occurs in only 60 minutes.

Question 60

The procedure in which a person gives a variety of suggestions for imaginative experiences to another person is called

A) induction
B) hypnosis
C) trance
D) meditation

Question 61

Gandhi and Oakley (2005) conducted an experiment in which two groups of participants were exposed to the same induction procedure, but one group was told that they were being hypnotized while the other group was told that they were receiving relaxation instructions. What was the resulting effect?

A) The relaxation group was much more suggestible than the hypnosis group.
B) The hypnosis group was much more suggestible than the relaxation group.
C) Both groups were equally suggestible.
D) The relaxation group was less responsive than the hypnosis group.

Question 62

According to this view of hypnosis, immersing one's hand in ice water for a prolonged period yet feeling no pain is evidence that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.

A) nonstate
B) special state
C) imagination
D) magical thinking

Question 63

Sociocognitive theorists who argue that hypnosis is similar to a placebo response, meaning that hypnosis is dependent on a person believing that he or she is being hypnotized, take this view.

A) nonstate
B) special state
C) imagination
D) magical thinking

Question 64

Though some people believe that meditation involves being "zoned out," or on "another planet," meditation actually requires

A) relaxed attention
B) divided attention
C) selective attention
D) constant stimulation

Question 65

All of the following are examples of techniques that transcendental meditation might recommend, EXCEPT:

A) noticing the way the breath enters and leaves the body at the point of the nostrils
B)repeating a sound or word continuously
C) placing one's attention on a specific part of one's body
D) focusing one's attention on everything rather than one thing, but to responding to nothing

Question 66

Zen meditation involves the use of open meditation practices in which

A)a person focuses attention on one particular part of the body
B)a person focuses attention on a particular source of sound
C) a person allows awareness of anything to enter consciousness
D) a person allows all possible scenarios to be imagined, including death

Question 67

Though neuroscientific studies of the brains of meditators have revealed significant differences between meditating brains and nonmeditating brains, one can be skeptical of the fact that

A) the research also showed an increase in cortical activation in meditators
B) the research demonstrated that meditators must practice meditation before it has an effect on the brain
C) the research represents a correlation between meditation and brain changes, but not a causal link
D) the research suggests that consciousness changes substantially during meditation

Question 68

Any substance with properties that affect mental life or consciousness is called a(n):

A) illicit drug
B) psychoactive drug
C) psychedelic drug
D) psychiatric drug

Question 69

When people use a drug to purposely change their conscious experiences apart from any medical treatment, they can be said to use drugs

A) recreationally
B) abusively
C) with tolerance
D) reflexively

Question 70

Because of a variety of scientific and public biases, this drug was mistakenly thought to lead to Parkinson's disease.

A) cocaine
B) MDMA
C) methamphetamine
D) heroin

Question 71

Heroin is an example of the way in which beliefs about drugs change as society changes because

A) it was originally manufactured to treat coughing and other respiratory problems
B)it has contributed to the deaths of musicians, celebrities, and artists
C) it was deemed illicit because of the serious threat of addiction and withdrawal
D) it has never been shown to produce addiction in people who use it occasionally

Question 72

Which of the following is not among the classic set of defining characteristics of addiction?

A) withdrawal
B) tolerance
C) craving
D) toxicity

Question 73

Tolerance refers to the fact that the effect of a drug

A)increases as a person uses higher doses
B) becomes more toxic as a person increases the dose
C) decreases as a person uses the same does
D) becomes less toxic as a person increases the dose

Question 74

This classic effect of drug addiction is sometimes the result of the body experiencing removal of the drug as a harmful event.

A) withdrawal
B) tolerance
C) craving
D) toxicity

Question 75

Most modern researchers and practitioners prefer to use this word instead of the word addiction.

A) tolerance
B) dependence
C) withdrawal
D) craving

Question 76

The larger this number becomes, the less toxic a drug is when given at normal doses.

A) LD50
B) safety ratio
C) toxicity
D) lethal ratio

Question 77

According to a data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, in 2008, these drugs accounted for more emergency room visits of 12- to 17-year-olds than cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, LSD, and PCP combined.

A) psychedelics
B) over-the-counter medications
C) prescription drugs
D) inhalants

Question 78

The term narcotic generally refers to these drugs.

A) opioids
B) barbiturates
C) benzodiazepines
D) hypnotics

Question 79

Opium is one of the oldest psychoactive substances known to mankind; however, it is not a drug itself, but contains a number of

A) alkaloids
B) opioids
C) metaboloids
D) lipids

Question 80

Use of this class of hypnotic drugs along with heroin increases the risk of overdose nearly 28 times.

A)alkaloids
B) benzodiazepines
C) anti-psychotics
D) beta-blockers