Deck 2: The Brain, the Body, and Behavior

Question 1

Neuroscience is best defined as

A) the study of the brain and the nervous system
B) the study of the mind and the body
C) the study of behavior and the mind
D) the study of unconscious neurons

Answer 1

A

Question 2

This position on the connection between mind and brain holds that mind and the body are made of different material

A) materialsm
B) dualism
C) reductivism
D) deductivism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The phrase "ghost in the machine" is most associated with

A) materialism
B) dualism
C) Marxism
D) empiricism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Jenny believes that the mind and the body are both made of physical matter. Thus, Jenny believes in

A) materialism
B) dualism
C) reductivism
D) deductivism

Question 5

Evidence for materialism has come from patients in this medical state

A)aggravated assault state
B) post-traumatic state
C) persistent vegetative state
D) persistent alert state

Question 6

The fact that parts of the brain initiate the process of performing actions before a person is aware of the behavior is consistent with

A) dualism
B) empiricism
C) behaviorism
D) materialism

Question 7

The complex biological system designed for electro-chemical communication among specialized cells in the body is called the

A) circulatory system
B) nervous system
C) communicative system
D) endocrine system

Question 8

The principal cell for communication in the nervous system is the

A) glia
B) T-cell
C) lipid
D) neuron

Question 9

Which of the following provides the best description of a neuron?

A)a cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells
B)a cell that encodes information in endocrine copies
C) a cell that supports neuronal health and function
D) a cell that lines the inside of the skull

Question 10

The cells that send information to the muscles and organs of the body are called

A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) interneruons
D) protoneruons

Question 11

The cells that convert physical energy into a form that may be transmitted to the brain are called

A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) interneruons
D) protoneruons

Question 12

These cells vastly outnumber other neurons and function to pass messages between neurons.

A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) interneruons
D) protoneruons

Question 13

These projections reach out from the cell body of a neuron.

A) dendrites
B) cell bodies
C) axons
D) terminal buttons

Question 14

Neurons receive information via _________ which are embedded in their membranes.

A) dendrites
B) axons
C) terminal buttons
D) synaptic receptors

Question 15

Also called the soma, this part of the cell contains the nucleus, where most of the genetic material for the cell is stored.

A) dendrite
B) cell body
C) axon
D) terminal button

Question 16

Bundled axons that form communication channels within the brain and spinal cord are called

A) dendrites
B) tracts
C) sheaths
D) nerves

Question 17

Bundled axons that form communication channels outside the central nervous system are called

A) dendrites
B) tracts
C) sheaths
D) nerves

Question 18

Some axons are wrapped in this fatty layer that allows for faster neural transmission.

A)fatty acid
B) myelin sheath
C) myelin tract
D) lipid top-layer

Question 19

The small gaps in myelin on an axon are referred to as

A) nodes of Ranvier
B) nodes of Radinor
C) tracts of myelin
D) tracts of Ranvier

Question 20

Neurotransmitters are released from this part of the neuron

A)cell body
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) terminal

Question 21

The term for the junction between terminals and dendrites is called the

A) terminus
B) cervix
C) synapse
D) corpus

Question 22

Neurons are not fused to each other so neurotransmitters must pass across the

A) synaptic gap
B) neuronal cliff
C) fiscal gap
D) synaptic cliff

Question 23

This type of cell not only assists neural functioning but outnumbers the neuron in the nervous system.

A) flora
B) fauna
C) glia
D) lipa

Question 24

This is the term for the default "setting" of the energy of a neuron.

A) action potential
B) resting potential
C) activating potential
D) relaxing potential

Question 25

Action potentials can only occur once a neuron receives input beyond this.

A) the threshold of stimulation
B) the resting potential
C) the active potential
D) the node of Ranvier

Question 26

When a neuron "fires" it is technically generating a(n)

A) refractory potential
B) resting potential
C) action potential
D) accuracy potential

Question 27

Which of the following is true about the input a neuron constantly receives?

A) Action potentials are sent via the dendrites to the cell body.
B) Neurons may receive only excitatory or inhibitory input separately.
C) Neurons may receive both excitatory and inhibitory input at any time.
D) Action potentials will only occur when a neuron is at resting potential.

Question 28

Signals that signal a cell to fire are ____________ while those that signal a cell to hold or not fire are ______________.

A) excitatory; transitory
B) transitory; inhibitory
C) inhibitory; excitatory
D) excitatory; inhibitory

Question 29

Resting potential is created by a greater proportion of negatively charged ions in a neuron known as

A) depolarization
B) polarization
C) ionization
D) sodium

Question 30

The most important ions contributing to resting potential are

A) sodium and potassium
B) calcium and sodium
C) calcium and chlorine
D) potassium and calcium

Question 31

Which of the following best describes the function of ion channels during resting potential?

A) regulating the potassium and calcium ions outside the cell
B)maintaining the distance between ions outside the cell
C) regulating the amount of sodium and potassium ions in the cell
D) regulating the action of calcium ions inside the cell

Question 32

The flood of sodium neurons leading to an increase of positively charged ions in the cell is called

A) polarization
B) depolarization
C) neutralization
D) action formation

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials?

A) Repolarization of the axon is immediate.
B) Sodium ions rush into the cell leading to depolarization.
C) Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.
D) Action potentials begin at the axon hillock.

Question 34

The process of reuptake is best described as

A) the breakdown of excess neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse
B) the re-absorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by the presynaptic cell
C) the rejection of neurotransmitter molecules from receptor sites
D) the binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptor sites.

Question 35

When a drug increases the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)

A) agonist
B) antagonist
C) interneuron
D) protagonist

Question 36

When a drug decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)

A) agonist
B) antagonist
C) interneuron
D) protagonist

Question 37

Opiate agonists mimic the activity of these pain-killing neurotransmitters

A) endopiums
B) endoplasms
C) endorphins
D) morphemes

Question 38

Dopamine is an important part of the reward system of the brain but is also very important for

A) regulating bodily movement
B) blocking pain signals
C) bonding between mother and infant
D) regulating th experience of pain

Question 39

Many "recreational" psychoactive drugs are rewarding because they increase the release of

A) glutamate
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 40

GABA tends to produce relaxation and sedition because its action is

A) excitatory
B) inhibitory
C) transitory
D) reuptake

Question 41

This neurotransmitter operates by inhibiting brain neurons from firing.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) glutamate
D) GABA

Question 42

Which of the following best describes the relationship between endorphins and runners high.

A) There is a direct causal link between experienced euphoria and levels of endorphins in runners.
B) There is a positive correlation between experienced euphoria and levels of endorphins in runners.
C) There is a negative correlation between experienced euphoria and levels of endorphins in runners.
D) There is no relationship between experienced euphoria and levels of endorphins in runners.

Question 43

This tubular bundle of nerve tracts is the communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body.

A) the peripheral nervous system
B) the spinal cord
C) the brain stem
D) the cerebellum

Question 44

In the spinal cord and brain ____________ matter is made of cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, glia, and dendrites, while ____________ matter is made of myelinated axons.

A) gray; white
B) white; gray
C) green; white
D) gray; yellow

Question 45

Gray matter is responsible for collecting and integrating information because it is partly made of

A) mylenated axons
B) dendrites and cell bodies
C) endorphins
D) spinal reflexes

Question 46

These motor actions are automatic and not controlled by the brain.

A) brain reflexes
B) peripheral reflexes
C) spinal reflexes
D) vestibular reflexes

Question 47

These circuits of neurons in the spinal cord are the reason why infants will execute walking movements if placed on a treadmill.

A)peripheral pattern generators
B) cerebellar motors
C) spinal generators
D) central pattern generators

Question 48

The somatic nervous system is mainly responsible for regulating

A)involuntary reflexes
B) heart and lung function
C) cellular activity
D) voluntary motor actions

Question 49

The autonomic nervous system is mainly responsible for regulating

A)primary visual sensitivity
B) involuntary actions of muscles, glands, and organs
C) cellular activity in the spinal cord
D) voluntary motor actions

Question 50

This subdivision of the autonomic nervous system triggers an increase in heart rate, lung expansion, and other physiological responses designed to increase the amount of oxygen to the brain and muscles.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) metasympathetic
D) megasympathetic

Question 51

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system leads to a cascade of physiological responses also know as the

A) rest and digest response
B) fight or flight response
C) tend and befriend response
D) fear and loathing response

Question 52

This subdivision of the autonomic nervous system triggers a decrease of heart rate, and other physiological responses designed to restore your body's resources.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) metasympathetic
D) megasympathetic

Question 53

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A) The two systems are often in competition for the body's resources
B) The two systems allow for the execution of fine and gross motor movements.
C) The two systems complement each other as a part of the body's homeostasis.
D) The two systems are not active unless the body is under threat.

Question 54

The inferior and superior colliculi are both parts of the

A) midbrain
B) hindbrain
C) forebrain
D) cerebellum

Question 55

Ken experienced a blow to the back of the head, which resulted in problems coordinating his balance and his sensory input. Which part of Ken's brain has most likely been damaged?

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) reticular formation

Question 56

Between 50 and 70 percent of the brain's neurons make up this hindbrain structure.

A) cerebellum
B) pons,
C) medulla
D) cortex

Question 57

This part of the hindbrain is important for functioning of your vital organs.

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) reticular formation

Question 58

This hindbrain structure is involved in body regulation during sleep and relaying information between hindbrain and forebrain structures.

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) reticular formation

Question 59

This hindbrain structure plays a role in varying our consciousness awareness.

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) reticular formation

Question 60

The midbrain structures known as the inferior and superior colliculi are essential for

A)forming long-term memories of motor information
B) conveying auditory and visual information to various forebrain structures
C) conveying sensory information from the cortex to the limbs
D) converting tactile sensations into emotions

Question 61

Unlike many of the hindbrain and midbrain structures, the structures of the forebrain

A)generally receive information and send commands to the same side of the body
B)are composed of relatively simple neural material
C) are divided into two cerebral hemispheres
D) are only important for regulating vital bodily functions

Question 62

This structure, severed in so-called "split-brain" patients, allows neurons from separate cerebral hemispheres to communicate directly.

A) thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) fornix
D) hypothalamus

Question 63

This limbic-system structure links the nervous system to the endocrine system and also regulates sexual and aggressive impulses.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 64

This limbic-system structure is most associated with the ability to form new episodic memories.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 65

Patients like H. M. who incur damage to their hippocampus often experience these symptoms, also known as aneterograde amnesia.

A) loss of the ability to remember anything prior to the damage
B)enhancement of the ability to remember new experiences
C) loss of the ability to form episodic memories after the damage
D) enhancement of the ability form retrieve old memories.

Question 66

This limbic-system structure is built of neurons that help us understand our emotions and the emotions of other people.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 67

This nucleus in the limbic system is important for producing voluntary movements, and is compromised in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.

A)nucleus accumbens
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 68

Also known as the "reward center" of the brain, these dopamine-rich nuclei provide the motivation to engage in rewarding behavior.

A)nucleus accumbens
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 69

Seated at the base of the forebrain, this relaying structure is thought of as the "gateway" to the higher functions of the brain.

A) amygdala
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) thalamus

Question 70

This outer layer of the cerebrum enables humans to interpret sensory information, solve problems, learn, remember, and use language.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) allocortex
D) hippocortex

Question 71

You meet a patient in the hospital who has experienced head trauma that disrupted the function of her primary visual cortex. Which lobe of the cortex has been affected?

A) occipital
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) frontal

Question 72

Which of the following best describes the flow if information in visual cortical areas?

A)The parietal lobe integrates the visual sensations from the eye before sending information to primary visual cortex.
B) Visual sensations from the eye are relayed to primary visual cortex and then conveyed to visual association areas of the brain.
C) Visual associations from primary visual cortex are sent to the thalamus before being relayed to the parietal lobe.
D) The temporal lobe integrates the visual sensations from the thalamus before allowing the superior colliculi to process the information.

Question 73

This strip of cortical tissue located in the parietal lobe integrates sensations from the body into a topographic map known as the sensory homunculus.

A)primary motor cortex
B) primary visual cortex
C) somatosensory cortex
D) tonotopic cortex

Question 74

Which of the following best describes the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A) The prefrontal cortex processes all of the sensory information that comes from our skin.
B) The prefrontal cortex combines the information from the visual and auditory areas to provide support for the parietal cortex.
C) The prefrontal cortex integrates information from the rest of the brain and compares it against our goals for any given situation.
D) The prefrontal cortex integrates all the information from the temporal lobe to make decisions about our emotions.

Question 75

Which of the following provides the best description of hemispheric specialization in the cortex?

A) The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to have identical functions.
B) The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized for different functions, especially in the case of language.
C) The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to maintain most of the body's vital functions like respiration and heart rate.
D) The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to compete for the brain's resources, especially the limbic system.

Question 76

In Michael Gazzaniga's experiments with split-brain patients, he found that

A) The patients were not able to speak the names of the objects that they saw.
B) The patients were only able to draw the objects that they saw.
C) The patients could not speak the name of objects shown to the right brain, but could draw the objects with their left hands.
D) The patients could not draw or speak the names of the objects shown to the left brain.

Question 77

The human brain is able to reorganize and adapt to environmental input, a concept known as

A) viscosity
B) density
C) plasticity
D) fluidity

Question 78

The endocrine system is composed of

A) glands and hormones
B) veins and arteries
C) neurons and glia
D) skin and muscle cells

Question 79

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between the endocrine system and nervous system?

A) The endocrine system functions independent of the nervous system.
B) The pituitary gland, which controls functioning of other glands, is a part of the brain.
C) The pineal gland is the seat of all intelligent behavior in the nervous system.
D) The nervous system is under the control of the endocrine system.

Question 80

These neuroscientists conduct experimental studies, frequently using non-human animals, to shed light on the neural bases of behavior.

A) cognitive neuroscientists
B) biological scientists
C) molecular neuroscientists
D) behavioral neuroscientists.