Question 1

In all countries, both rich and poor, the income gap continues to increase, most notably in sub-Saharan Africa, and for women and girls in all parts of the world.

Accepted Answer

The income gap is a global issue, with disparities increasing in many regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, and affecting women and girls disproportionately worldwide.

Question 2

The orthodox approach to hunger states that there is enough food, but that the problem is distribution and entitlement.

Accepted Answer

The orthodox approach to hunger argues that hunger is due to insufficient food production, not distribution or entitlement issues.

Question 3

A critical alternative view of poverty places emphasis on lack of access to community, resources, community ties, and spiritual and cultural values.

Accepted Answer

This view, often associated with the social exclusion perspective, emphasizes that poverty is not just about lack of income but also about being excluded from the normal exchanges, practices, and rights of society. It highlights the importance of social relationships, access to resources, and participation in community life, beyond just economic measures.

Question 4

Democracy, as an instrument for the voice of the poor, is at the heart of the alternative conception of development.

Accepted Answer

Democracy, by allowing for the participation of all citizens in decision-making processes, including the poor, serves as a mechanism through which their voices can be heard and their interests represented, aligning with the alternative conception of development that emphasizes inclusivity and equitable growth.

Question 5

Globalization can simultaneously contribute to increased food production and increased hunger.

Accepted Answer

Globalization can lead to increased food production through the spread of agricultural technologies and investment in food production systems. However, it can also increase hunger by disrupting local economies, leading to unemployment and poverty, and by creating dependencies on imported food, which can be vulnerable to global market fluctuations.

Question 6

The baseline figure for determining poverty varies across institutions; the UN calculates the proportion of people living on less than ____ per day, while the World Bank calculates the proportion of people living on less than ____ per day.

A) $1.90; $1.25
B) $1.25; $1.50
C) $1.50; $1.25
D) $1.25; $1.90

Accepted Answer

The UN uses $1.25 per day as a baseline for determining poverty, while the World Bank uses $1.90 per day.

Question 7

Which approach to development argues that poverty can be resolved through the transformation of traditional subsistence economies defined as 'backward' into industrial, commodified economies defined as 'modern'?

A) Post-structural
B) Orthodox
C) Alternative
D) Positivist

Accepted Answer

The orthodox approach to development, often associated with modernization theory, argues that poverty can be resolved by transforming traditional subsistence economies into modern, industrialized, and commodified economies. This perspective views development as a linear process of economic growth and industrialization.

Question 8

How is hunger defined?&#10;A) Through an 'input/output' model, where food (calorific input) is sufficient to maintain body weight and a level of physical activity (output) consistent with long-term health.&#10;B) Through household income and expenditure surveys.&#10;C) Through a behavioural view, looking at perceptions of hunger.&#10;D) All of the options given are correct.

Accepted Answer

Hunger is defined through a combination of methods including the 'input/output' model, household income and expenditure surveys, and a behavioural view that considers perceptions of hunger. Each approach provides a different perspective on hunger, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the issue.

Question 9

Who argues that at the beginning of the twenty-first century we are witnessing an increasingly global organization of food provision and access to food with transnational corporations playing the major role?

A) Goodman and Redclift.
B) Rapley.
C) Friedman and Stiglitz.
D) Bennett and George.

Accepted Answer

Goodman and Redclift argue that the global organization of food provision and access to food at the beginning of the twenty-first century is increasingly influenced by transnational corporations. Their work focuses on the globalization of food systems and the significant role these corporations play in shaping food production, distribution, and consumption patterns worldwide.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of education in Himachal Pradesh?&#10;A) The level of primary education attainment has increased.&#10;B) The number of children who receive no education is low.&#10;C) The state has made of point of educating girls and women, as well as members of the so-called 'excluded groups'.&#10;D) All of the answers given are correct.

Accepted Answer

Himachal Pradesh has made significant strides in the field of education, with improvements in primary education attainment, a low number of children receiving no education, and a focus on educating girls, women, and members of excluded groups.

Question 11

What did Amartya Sen argue in his pioneering book Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation?&#10;A) Only some people are entitled to food.&#10;B) There is a direct correlation between food production and famines.&#10;C) Hunger is due to there not being enough to eat.&#10;D) Hunger is due to people not having enough to eat, because they are not regarded to have entitlement to food, rather than there not being enough to eat.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did Amartya Sen argue in his...

Question 12

_______________ stresses pro-poor growth and poverty reduction based on continued domestic policy reform that includes more trade liberalization and further state withdrawal from economic and social policy.

A) The Washington Consensus
B) The post-Washington Consensus
C) The critical, alternative approach
D) None of the answers given are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ stresses pro-poor growth and poverty reduction...

Question 13

What development strategy/policy favoured by the IMF, World Bank, and the US compels developing countries to reform their economies along neo-liberal lines in order to compete in the global market?&#10;A) Limited protectionism&#10;B) Pro-poor growth&#10;C) Structural adjustment&#10;D) Agricultural subsidy with free trade

Accepted Answer

The answer of What development strategy/policy favoured by the IMF,...

Deck 26: Poverty, Hunger, and Development