Deck 13: Memory, the Body, and Health

Question 1

The critical difference between normal memory loss of old age and that of dementias is ________.

A) memory loss in dementias is much larger
B) in dementias, forgetting interferes with day-to-day life and is often accompanied by other kinds of cognitive decline
C) memory loss in dementias can be treated when caught early
D) memory loss in dementias is strongly based on genetics

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The MMSE is ________.

A) a test that is used to assess the memory and cognitive functioning of children under age of five
B) a test that is used to assess temporal cortex functioning, i.e., control over episodic memory formation
C) a test that is used to assess prefrontal cortex functioning, i.e., control over impulses and attention
D) a test that is used to assess the memory and cognitive functioning of individuals, often used to identify people with dementia

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Participating in the MMSE does not require that the person ________.

A) have no motor impairment
B) speak the same language as the interviewer
C) not have a hearing impairment
D) have no problems writing or drawing

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a buildup of ________.

A) amyloid plaques and Lewis bodies
B) Lewis bodies and tangles
C) amyloid plaques and tangles in the brain and substantial increase in the size of the brain following accumulation of amyloid plaques
D) amyloid plaques and tangles in the brain and substantial reduction in the size of the brain following neuronal cell death

Question 5

Alzheimer's disease accounts for _______ of neurocognitive disorders and affects ________ of people over the age of 65.

A) 80 to 90 per cent; about 9 per cent
B) 6 to 7 per cent; less than one per cent
C) 30 to 35 per cent; about 3 per cent
D) 60 to 70 per cent; about 6 per cent

Question 6

The average life expectancy following a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is ________.

A) three to nine years
B) five to eleven years
C) unchanged, compared to controls of comparable age, sex, health and socio-economic status
D) eight to fifteen years

Question 7

The first symptom of Alzheimer's disease is usually a problem with ________.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) motor coordination
D) emotional self-control

Question 8

Cholinesterase inhibitors can help people with Alzheimer's for two or three years only because ________.

A) they modestly reduce some of the superficial symptoms but later the degenerative process becomes overwhelming
B) later in the progression neurotransmitter dopamine leaks out of neurons and can cause further damage
C) later in the progression specific genes are activated preventing any beneficial action
D) later in the progression much higher doses would be required, incompatible with life

Question 9

Vascular dementia can cause problems with ________.

A) balance and motor control but not memory
B) cognition, movement, behaviour, or emotions depending on what part of the brain is damaged
C) long-term but not short-term memory
D) cognition and motor control but not emotions

Question 10

Vascular dementia can be identified through ________.

A) neuroimaging
B) MMSE
C) blood tests
D) genetic testing

Question 11

The critical clinical observation that clearly differentiates Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia is ________.

A) the white matter in the brains of individuals with vascular dementia is typically riddled with lesions, whereas that of patients with Alzheimer's is not
B) the white matter in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's is typically riddled with lesions, whereas that of patients with vascular dementia is not
C) the white matter in the brains of individuals with vascular dementia is typically riddled with neurofibrillary tangles, whereas that of patients with Alzheimer's is not
D) the white matter in the brains of individuals with vascular dementia is typically riddled with Lewy bodies, whereas that of patients with Alzheimer's is not

Question 12

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) affects ________ of people with dementia.

A) less than 5 per cent
B) more than 50 per cent
C) about 15 per cent
D) about 30 per cent

Question 13

People with dementia with Lewy bodies often experience ________.

A) epileptic seizures
B) fluctuations in alertness, difficulty with movement, mood changes, and visual hallucinations
C) OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)
D) extreme sleep patterns

Question 14

People with frontotemporal dementia tend to have ________.

A) vivid emotions, extremely but inappropriately engaged, and display very productive but often meaningless language, reflecting the primary damage to the prefrontal and temporal cortices
B) blunted emotions, appear apathetic, and have difficulties with both productive and receptive language, reflecting the primary damage to the occipital and parietal cortices
C) blunted emotions, appear apathetic, and have difficulties with both productive and receptive language, reflecting the primary damage to the prefrontal and temporal cortices
D) blunted emotions, appear apathetic, and have difficulties with both productive and receptive language, reflecting the primary damage to the cerebellum

Question 15

A head concussion can _________ for the time period surrounding the concussive event.

A) disrupt emotional self-control
B) disrupt memory consolidation and produce amnesia
C) create false memories
D) create misattributed errors

Question 16

In general, people with Korsakoff syndrome have difficulty ________.

A) explicitly controlling information; however, these individuals show evidence for the normal influence of implicit memory on stem-completion tasks
B) implicitly controlling information; however, these individuals show evidence for the influence of explicit memory on stem-completion tasks
C) with tasks that are dependent on the functioning of the prefrontal cortex
D) with tasks that are dependent on the functioning of the cerebellum

Question 17

Dissociative amnesia is often portrayed in books, movies, and television, the condition is ________ in real life, and doctors are usually able to find a ________ cause for amnestic symptoms.

A) extremely; psychological
B) relatively frequent; biological
C) extremely rare; biological
D) relatively frequent; social

Question 18

Dissociative fugue is a type of ________.

A) response to trauma, in which the individual with no memory of who she or he is wanders from home
B) psychopathic state, during which the individual pretends to have no memory when she or he wanders from home
C) epileptic seizure, during which the individual with no memory of who she or he is wanders from home
D) dissociative amnesia, during which the individual with no memory of who she or he is wanders from home

Question 19

Many health conditions associated with memory problems are also associated with ________.

A) decreased random eye movement sleep
B) decreased slow-wave sleep
C) increased random eye movement sleep
D) increased slow-wave sleep

Question 20

Twilight anaesthesia is ________.

A) a mild dose of general anaesthetic is given to reduce a patient's anxiety and to induce anterograde amnesia so that the patient will have no memory of the surgical procedure
B) an elevated dose of local anaesthetic is given to eliminate a patient's anxiety
C) a mild dose of general anaesthetic is given to induce a dream-like state useful to recover repressed memories
D) a mild dose of general anaesthetic is given to treat depression

Question 21

Alcohol has diverse effects on memory. It can ________.

A) cause retrograde amnesia after extreme intoxications
B) cause retrograde amnesia after extreme intoxications, but enhance memory if consumed in moderation after learning
C) actually work to enhance memory if consumed in moderation after learning
D) significantly improve attention and, because an individual is attending well to events, events are encoded with more details

Question 22

Samuelson (2009) found that individuals with PTSD had ________.

A) significant deficits in verbal memory that could not be explained by a history of alcohol abuse or depression, and also had deficits in working memory, but not in visual memory
B) no deficits in verbal memory but only in working memory or visual memory
C) significant deficits in verbal memory that could be easily explained by a history of alcohol abuse or depression
D) significant deficits in verbal memory, working memory, and visual memory

Question 23

Regarding the memories of the advance directives (AD), Sharman et al. (2008) found that of the 1328 critical decisions made by the participants during the first interview, ________.

A) 50 per cent changed by the time of the second interview, and among the participants who changed their decisions, 35 per cent falsely remembered that their decision had not changed
B) 23 per cent changed by the time of the second interview, and among the participants who changed their decisions, 75 per cent falsely remembered that their decision had not changed
C) 13 per cent changed by the time of the second interview, and among the participants who changed their decisions, 95 per cent falsely remembered that their decision had not changed
D) none of them had changed by the time of the second interview

Question 24

When Sharman et al. (2008) examined the data from the surrogates about memories of the advance directives (AD), ________.

A) no one believed that their target's current decision was the same as the one they had previously reported
B) 46 per cent believed that their target's current decision was the same as the one they had previously reported and about 12 per cent falsely remembered that the decision was different when it was the same
C) 66 per cent believed that their target's current decision was the same as the one they had previously reported and about 12 per cent falsely remembered that the decision was different when it was the same
D) 86 per cent believed that their target's current decision was the same as the one they had previously reported and about 12 per cent falsely remembered that the decision was different when it was the same

Question 25

Kiviniemi and Rothman (2006) found that memory for belief-inconsistent information was ________ memory for belief-consistent information, ________.

A) significantly worse than; especially when participants held extreme beliefs
B) significantly better than; especially when participants held extreme beliefs
C) similar to that for; especially when participants held extreme beliefs
D) significantly worse than; except when participants held extreme beliefs

Question 26

Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada (2007) found that survival-related encoding in the hunter-gatherer (or EEA) context led to ________.

A) both better recall and better recognition
B) better recall, but worse recognition
C) better recognition, but worse recall
D) both worse recall and better recognition

Question 27

Patients who do not believe that smoking causes cancer may not heed advice to quit smoking, but if they ________, they may be more likely to remember the conversation and heed the advice.

A) study medical documentation about lung cancer
B) engage in a conversation that changes their belief about the dangers of smoking
C) obtain the support from their families
D) undergo multiple session of hypnosis

Question 28

Aerobic exercise can increase the ________.

A) size of the hippocampus and improves the visuospatial memory in people of all ages, but not verbal memory
B) size of the frontal lobe and improves the visuospatial memory in people of all ages as well as verbal memory
C) size of the cerebellum and improves the visuospatial memory in people of all ages, but not verbal memory
D) size of the hippocampus and improves cognitive-motor skills in people of all ages as well as verbal memory

Question 29

Health Canada recommends that adults engage in at least ________ of vigorous physical activity each week, and that children exercise ________.

A) two-and-a-half hours; at least one hour each day
B) two-and-a-half hours; at least two hours each day
C) ten-and-a-half hours; at least three hours each day
D) ten-and-a-half hours; at least five hours each day

Question 30

In 2015, Statistics Canada reported that fewer than ________ get the amount of exercise recommended by Health Canada.

A) one in ten adults and one in ten children
B) two in ten adults and one in ten children
C) two in ten adults and two in ten children
D) one in ten adults and two in ten children

Question 31

What distinguishes "normal" memory changes that occur as people age from those associated with a neurocognitive disorder?

Question 32

What is Alzheimer's disease and what changes in the brain characterize it?

Question 33

How can brain injury affect memory?

Question 34

What is Korsakoff syndrome and why is it important that it be correctly diagnosed?

Question 35

What causes "baby brain"?

Question 36

Memories are consolidated during slow-wave sleep (SWS), therefore an individual needs sufficient SWS in order to function properly. How can this mechanism explain the observation that many health conditions associated with memory problems are also associated with decreased SWS?

Question 37

How does alcohol affect memory?

Question 38

What is the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and memory?

Question 39

What is dissociative amnesia? What can patients remember, and what have they forgotten? What is the treatment protocol for people with dissociative amnesia?

Question 40

What is the relationship between memory and health problems? What is the impact of patients' relationship with the healthcare professionals and what is the impact of this on memory? How can healthcare providers do to help their patients?

Question 41

What is the survival effect? What research has been conducted on the survival effect and what has it revealed?