Deck 4: Long-Term Memory

Question 1

________ on both sides of brain was removed during H.M.'s surgery, leading to his deficits.

A) The frontal lobes
B) The occipital cortex
C) The medial temporal lobe
D) The parietal cortex

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The crucial cognitive deficit of H.M. after his surgery was ________.

A) he lost the ability to form new explicit memories
B) he lost the ability to form new implicit memories
C) he could speak but it could not write
D) he lost the use of spoken language but retained the written language

Answer 2

A

Question 3

H.M.'s memories formed more than a few years before his surgery ________.

A) were severely reduced
B) were potentiated
C) were not affected
D) lost their emotional context

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The medial temporal lobe is only involved with memories that ________.

A) cannot be consciously recalled
B) last a very short time
C) have a strong emotional content
D) can be consciously recalled

Question 5

After surgery, H.M. could not presumably ________.

A) remember his first day in school
B) recognize a doctor he met the previous day
C) recognize an old friend from elementary school
D) learn to read in a mirror

Question 6

________ is not a type of long-term memory.

A) Working memory
B) Explicit memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Autobiographical memory

Question 7

The central idea of Hebb's model for memory storage is that simultaneous ________ of nearby neurons leads to a ________ of their synaptic connections.

A) activity; weakening
B) activity; strengthening
C) inactivity; strengthening
D) inactivity; weakening

Question 8

In the 1970s, Hebb's theory was explained empirically by a phenomenon known as ________.

A) relational binding
B) long-term potentiation
C) reconsolidation
D) free recall

Question 9

Hebb's postulate explained how memories could be formed by suggesting that the synapses, or connections, between neurons ________.

A) fire in completely random ways
B) are stable and predictable
C) can never change
D) could change with experience

Question 10

The perforant path is the connection between ________.

A) CA1 and CA3 in the hippocampus
B) the entorhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus
C) CA1 and the subiculum in the hippocampus
D) the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampus

Question 11

In the context of Bliss and Lømo 1973 experiment, a "tetanus" is ________.

A) a serious disease
B) a single, strong, brief electrical stimulation
C) a drug injection that causes a strong muscular contraction
D) a burst lasting 15 seconds of high-frequency electrical pulses

Question 12

Bliss and Lømo discovered long-term potentiation as they were measuring ________ in the hippocampus.

A) population spikes in the dentate gyrus
B) population spikes in the CA1 region
C) tetani in the perforant path
D) population spikes in the entorhinal cortex region

Question 13

________ is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain.

A) Epinephrine
B) Serotonin
C) Glutamate
D) Dopamine

Question 14

The NMDA receptor is important for LTP formation because ________.

A) it allows the entry of calcium ions all the time
B) it allows the entry of calcium ions but only when sufficiently depolarized
C) it allows the entry of calcium ions whenever it binds to glutamate
D) it triggers the opening of AMPA channels

Question 15

The results of the water maze experiment conducted by Morris et al. (1986) demonstrate that ________.

A) NMDA receptor functioning is critical for spatial memory
B) NMDA receptor functioning is unnecessary for spatial memory
C) AMPA receptor functioning is critical for spatial memory
D) AMPA receptor functioning is unnecessary for spatial memory

Question 16

Eichenbaum and Cohen (2004) suggest that the role of the hippocampus is ________.

A) the formation of long-term memories
B) the formation of short-term memories
C) to learn the relationship between items in the environment and create cognitive maps
D) to help with forgetting

Question 17

The stability-plasticity dilemma ________.

A) explains why synapses can be both stable and plastic
B) a question related to the two primary functions of LTM: to retain specific episodes and to extract general patterns
C) explains why neurons can be both stable and plastic
D) explains how memory has evolved in the presence of a quasi-stable genome

Question 18

According to the two-stage model of memory, consciousness is lost during sleep ________.

A) to save metabolic energy
B) to allow rest in certain areas of the brain
C) because consciousness would interfere with dreaming
D) because the same processes needed for reactivation are also used to process incoming stimuli

Question 19

If people who are deprived of sleep, they consistently do not display ________.

A) poor memory
B) normal memory
C) desire to reduce external stimulation
D) irritability

Question 20

The ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) activity is typical of the ________ of sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) REM stage

Question 21

EEG studies show that, as a person begins to fall asleep (stage 1 sleep), ________ begin to appear.

A) lower-frequency theta waves
B) high-frequency beta waves
C) slow oscillations
D) ponto-geniculo-occipital waves

Question 22

In Fischer and Born's study (2009), when subjects had to learn a two finger-sequence tapping task, performance was enhanced ________.

A) by knowing that one will be tested later
B) only by promise of monetary reward
C) only by sleep
D) by the combination of sleep and the promise of monetary reward

Question 23

Wierzynski et al. found evidence that during REM sleep, memories are consolidated in the neocortex and this activity benefits from ________.

A) hippocampal inactivity
B) hippocampal hyperactivity
C) amygdala activity
D) frontal cortex inactivity

Question 24

The multiple-trace model suggests that ________, whereas the two-stage model suggests that ________.

A) context-free memories are stored in the neocortex; context-free memories are stored together with episodic memories
B) context-free memories are stored in the hippocampus; context-free memories are stored together with episodic memories
C) only context-free memories are stored outside of the hippocampus; all episodic memories remain in the hippocampus
D) only episodic memories are stored outside of the hippocampus; context-free memories remain in the hippocampus

Question 25

Evidence of consolidation comes from experiments that demonstrated that ________.

A) interventions can impair memory, but only when the interventions are administered a long time after new learning
B) interventions can impair memory, but only when the interventions are administered shortly after new learning
C) interventions can impair memory, but only when the interventions are administered before new learning
D) memories are consolidated only if they cannot be erased under any circumstances

Question 26

Evidence of reconsolidation, according to research by Nader et al. (2000), comes from experiments that demonstrated that ________.

A) memories are reconsolidated when they have already been erased once and therefore they are final, cannot be erased under any circumstances
B) only rats who had not been reminded of the tone and then not given the protein-synthesis inhibitor showed no memory for the fear conditioning
C) only rats who had been reminded of the tone and then given the protein-synthesis inhibitor showed no memory for the fear conditioning
D) only rats who had not been reminded of the tone and then given the protein-synthesis inhibitor showed no memory for the fear conditioning

Question 27

Reconsolidation has been demonstrated ________.

A) only for Pavlovian fear conditioning and object recognition
B) only for motor-sequence learning and object recognition
C) only for spatial memory and episodic memory
D) for various types of learning, including Pavlovian fear conditioning, motor-sequence learning, object recognition, spatial memory and episodic memory

Question 28

Reconsolidation is context dependent ________.

A) only in rodents
B) in both rats and humans
C) only in humans
D) in all species tested, but only if protein-synthesis inhibitors are used

Question 29

In multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), researchers ________.

A) first collect fMRI data from several instances of the same cognitive event, then a computer program compares the voxel (tridimensional pixel) activity across the different instances of the same event to find patterns
B) first collect fMRI data from a single instance of a cognitive event, then a computer program compares the voxel (tridimensional pixel) activity to find patterns
C) first collect fMRI data from several instances of the same cognitive event, then a computer program compares the voxel (tridimensional pixel) activity across the different instances of the same event to find lack of patterns
D) conduct brain imaging technique that allows recording in free-moving animals

Question 30

The results from Polyn et al. (2005) suggest that successful, intentional retrieval of information involves ________.

A) configuring brain activity into a uniquely different state that it was in during encoding
B) configuring brain activity into the same state that it was in during encoding, but only after one night of sleep
C) configuring brain activity into the same state that it was in during encoding, but only if protein synthesis inhibitors were injected in the hippocampus
D) configuring brain activity into the same state that it was in during encoding

Question 31

What is long-term memory? What are three examples of types of long-term memory?

Question 32

What are the main conclusions from a lifetime of observations on H.M.?

Question 33

What does Hebb's postulate state?

Question 34

What is the hippocampus?

Question 35

What is the function of glutamate in hippocampal neurons?

Question 36

What is the Morris Water Maze?

Question 37

What is the two-stage model of memory?

Question 38

How can Hebb's postulate explain at a cellular level the events of classical conditioning? You may want to include a diagram in your answer.

Question 39

How did Bliss and Lømo conduct their experiment to prove Hebb's postulate and what were their findings?

Question 40

What is the link between sleep and memory?