Deck 6: Space Perception and Binocular Vision

Question 1

The philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense is known as

A) Euclidean philosophy.
B) positivism.
C) materialism.
D) structuralism.
E) realism.

Answer 1

realism.

Question 2

In the movie The Matrix, what the main character Neo thought was real life instead turned out to be a computer simulation. Which philosophical position would most readily account for such a situation?

A) Realism
B) Positivism
C) Negativism
D) Stoicism
E) Existentialism

Answer 2

Positivism

Question 3

According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines _______ as they extend through space.

A) converge
B) diverge
C) bend
D) remain parallel
E) cross

Answer 3

remain parallel

Question 4

In humans, evolution may have favored two eyes facing forward because it statistically increases the chance of detecting a stimulus. The combination of signals from the two eyes that enhances performance on many tasks is called

A) binocular vision.
B) stereoacuity.
C) depth perception.
D) disparity.
E) binocular summation.

Question 5

If you build a machine to detect an exotic particle, which principle explains why having two particle detectors in the machine are better than having just one?

A) Realism
B) Positivism
C) Particle physics
D) Probability summation
E) Euclidean geometry

Question 6

_______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene and is the basis of stereopsis.

A) Binocular disparity
B) Depth perception
C) Stereopsis
D) Binocular summation
E) Accommodation

Question 7

Using the depth cue of _______ you can tell how far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object.

A) occlusion
B) aerial perspective
C) linear perspective
D) relative height
E) texture gradient

Question 8

Refer to the figure.
This figure depicts the _______ depth cue.

A) occlusion
B) linear perspective
C) texture gradient
D) haze/aerial perspective
E) anamorphic projection

Question 9

Refer to the figure.
This figure depicts the depth cue of

A) occlusion.
B) aerial perspective.
C) linear perspective.
D) relative height.
E) familiar size.

Question 10

Refer to the image.
The scene pictured demonstrates the _______ depth cue.

A) motion parallax
B) haze/aerial perspective
C) linear perspective
D) accommodation
E) convergence

Question 11

Refer to the figure.
This figure illustrates the _______ depth cue.

A) motion parallax
B) aerial perspective
C) linear perspective
D) accommodation
E) convergence

Question 12

Suppose you are looking at a road that recedes into the distance. Which depth cue describes the way the edges of the road seem to converge in the retinal image?

A) Motion parallax
B) Aerial perspective
C) Convergence
D) Accommodation
E) Linear perspective

Question 13

Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the

A) parallax.
B) singularity.
C) linear convergence.
D) vanishing point.
E) horopter.

Question 14

_______ is any sort of depth cue that can be depicted by an artist on a canvas.

A) A pictorial depth cue
B) Convergence
C) Motion parallax
D) An absolute metrical depth cue
E) Accommodation

Question 15

When an artist paints trees on a landscape extending into the distance, she distributes the trees vertically to simulate _______, and makes trees that are farther away smaller, simulating _______.

A) relative height; aerial perspective
B) aerial perspective; relative size
C) relative size; relative height
D) relative height; relative size
E) relative size; aerial perspective

Question 16

A(n) _______ is an image that appears distorted unless viewed from a very specific angle.

A) random dot stereogram
B) anamorphic projection
C) horopter
D) stereoscope
E) Cyclopean image

Question 17

Which of the following is not a metrical depth cue?

A) Motion parallax
B) Relative size
C) Relative height
D) Stereopsis
E) Occlusion

Question 18

_______ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.

A) Relative height
B) Metrical depth cues
C) Nonmetrical depth cues
D) Aerial perspective
E) Occlusion

Question 19

Which depth cue can provide information about precise distance from the observer?

A) Relative height
B) Aerial perspective
C) Occlusion
D) Linear perspective
E) Familiar size

Question 20

As a depth cue, occlusion provides _______ information.

A) relative height
B) motion parallax
C) nonmetrical depth
D) relative metrical depth
E) absolute metrical depth

Question 21

Which depth cue gives you the most precise metrical information about object distance?

A) Relative height
B) Relative size
C) Texture gradient
D) Haze/aerial perspective
E) Stereopsis

Question 22

_______ is an important depth cue that comes into play during head movements or while moving through an environment.

A) Motion parallax
B) Familiar size
C) Convergence
D) Vanishing point
E) Stereopsis

Question 23

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than do distant buildings is the visual cue known as

A) relative height.
B) occlusion.
C) linear perspective.
D) stereo disparity.
E) motion parallax.

Question 24

Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as

A) accommodation.
B) divergence.
C) convergence.
D) disparity.
E) linear perspective.

Question 25

If a fly lands on your nose and you turn your eyes inward to look at it, what kind of eye movement are you making?

A) Convergent
B) Divergent
C) Saccadic
D) Reflexive
E) Smooth pursuit

Question 26

The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called

A) accommodation.
B) divergence.
C) convergence.
D) disparity.
E) linear perspective.

Question 27

If a camera judges the distance of an object based on the lens setting that causes the object to appear in focus, then the camera is using the depth cue of

A) aerial perspective.
B) motion parallax.
C) stereo vision.
D) accommodation.
E) convergence.

Question 28

Refer to the figure.
The imaginary (gray) circle in the figure is known as

A) the vanishing point.
B) the horopter.
C) Panum's circle.
D) the convergence point.
E) the stereo circle.

Question 29

Refer to the figure.
In this figure, what do the red and blue circles have in common?

A) They have the same retinal sizes.
B) They have the same linear perspective.
C) They both have the same disparity.
D) They both have uncrossed disparity.
E) They both have crossed disparity.

Question 30

_______ is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.

A) The vanishing point
B) The Vieth-Müller circle
C) Panum's circle
D) The convergence point
E) The stereo circle

Question 31

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation.

A) below; above
B) above; below
C) behind; in front of
D) in front of; behind
E) exactly at; in front of

Question 32

Refer to the figure.
This figure depicts a(n)

A) convergence test.
B) occluder.
C) metronome.
D) stereoscope.
E) accommodation test.

Question 33

Virtual reality headsets have a separate display for each eye. What is another technical name for such a device?

A) Heads up display
B) Stereoscope
C) Corrective lenses
D) Random dot stereogram
E) Autostereogram

Question 34

During free fusion, the eyes _______ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.

A) converge or diverge
B) are half closed
C) use the motion parallax
D) use the pictorial depth cue
E) glaze over

Question 35

Virtual reality headsets display a different image to each eye, which is technically a form of _______ presentation.

A) biopic
B) monoptic
C) stereoptic
D) chronoptic
E) dichoptic

Question 36

A random dot stereogram contains

A) many monocular cues.
B) a horopter.
C) no monocular cues.
D) a vanishing point.
E) occlusion cues.

Question 37

Refer to the figure.
This figure is an example of

A) a random dot stereogram.
B) motion parallax.
C) strabismus.
D) stereoblindness.
E) diplopia.

Question 38

The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that

A) accommodation and convergence cannot be uncoupled.
B) stereo vision can be achieved only with identifiable shapes.
C) stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes.
D) the parvocellular system cannot perceive stereo.
E) the magnocellular system cannot perceive stereo.

Question 39

The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the

A) Cyclopean problem.
B) correspondence problem.
C) motion paradox.
D) disparity paradox.
E) convergence problem.

Question 40

Which of the following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem?

A) A low spatial frequency version of the image
B) The uniqueness constraint
C) The continuity constraint
D) The disparity constraint
E) Binocular neurons in primary visual cortex.

Question 41

Stereoblindness usually results from

A) stroke.
B) visual neglect.
C) childhood disorders.
D) agnosia.
E) glaucoma.

Question 42

Which of the following is evidence for neurons that encode the horopter?

A) Binocular neurons that respond best when retinal images are on corresponding points in the two retinas.
B) Binocular neurons that respond best when retinal images are on different points in the two retinas.
C) Binocular neurons that respond best to the right eye.
D) Binocular neurons that respond best to the left eye.
E) Binocular neurons that respond best when a feature is seen in one eye but not the other.

Question 43

If you are able to free-fuse a display and get it to appear in focus but not perceive any apparent depth, then you might be

A) esotropic.
B) exotropic.
C) strabismic.
D) stereoblind.
E) an object agnostic.

Question 44

_______ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event.

A) Binocular rivalry philosophy
B) Euclidean philosophy
C) The Bayesian approach
D) The uniqueness constraint
E) The correspondence problem

Question 45

If you want to know the probability that the world is in a particular state given a particular observation, which formal approach should you use?

A) Binocular summation
B) Bayesian approach
C) Probability summation
D) Critical period analysis
E) Positivism

Question 46

Refer to the figure.
In this figure, the viewer mistakes the two horizontal lines to be

A) not parallel to one another.
B) closer to each other than they actually are.
C) farther away from each other than they actually are.
D) the same length.
E) of different lengths.

Question 47

Refer to the figure.
In this figure, why might the top horizontal line appear to be longer than the bottom line?

A) Relative height makes the top line appear closer, which means it must be longer.
B) Linear perspective makes the top line appear farther away, which means it must be longer.
C) Relative size makes the top line appear closer, which means it must be longer.
D) Binocular disparity makes the top line appear farther away, which means it must be longer.
E) Motion parallax makes the top line appear farther away, which means it must be longer.

Question 48

Refer to the figure.
If these two images are free-fused, it leads to

A) stereoblindness.
B) absolute disparity.
C) relative disparity.
D) binocular rivalry.
E) stereopsis.

Question 49

_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth.

A) Minimum disparity
B) Stereoacuity
C) Stereo sensitivity
D) Disparity threshold
E) Stereo parallax

Question 50

_______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye.

A) Biopic
B) Monoptic
C) Dichoptic
D) Stereoptic
E) Chronoptic

Question 51

If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during _______, then proper stereo vision might not develop.

A) gestation
B) adulthood
C) adolescence
D) the critical period
E) the early period

Question 52

_______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.

A) Strabismus
B) Hyperopia
C) Emmetropia
D) Presbyopia
E) Free fusion

Question 53

If the two eyes are not aligned properly the brain tends to ignore information from one eye. This phenomenon is known as

A) esotropia.
B) exotropia.
C) suppression.
D) strabismus.
E) Cyclopean vision.

Question 54

What is the difference between metrical and nonmetrical depth cues?

Question 55

What is a random dot stereogram and why is it theoretically important?

Question 56

What is the correspondence problem in stereo vision?

Question 57

What happens when two different images are presented to the two eyes?

Question 58

Define and compare the following monocular depth cues: occlusion, relative height, relative size, texture gradient, and familiar size.

Question 59

What is the Bayesian approach and why is it important for visual perception?

Question 60

What is a critical period and how does it relate to the development of stereo vision?