Deck 3: The Relationship Between Thought and Language

Question 1

To communicate clearly, you need to have some knowledge about your audience, for instance, their background knowledge and reason for the communication.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Analogies usually hinder the communication process because they always involve comparing two things that are fundamentally different.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The problem in deciding whether "assisted suicide" is murder depends on the way the word "murder" is defined.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The way we think influences the words we use to express our thoughts; the reverse situation, that is the idea that the words we use can influence how we think, is blatantly wrong.

Question 5

The use of prototypes in thinking is usually a deliberate and conscious strategy to help us think creatively.

Question 6

Judgments and evaluations about any situation often depend more on the context than on the actual event that is being judged.

Question 7

A good way to improve comprehension is to develop the habit of asking and answering thoughtful questions about the material you are learning.

Question 8

A linear arrangement of facts is too simple an arrangement to be useful when learning new material.

Question 9

Students who were identified as "at risk" of failing could only improve in their comprehension and memory by reading the material that was to be learned several times.

Question 10

Graphic organizers aid comprehension because they force the learner to attend to and identify the relationships among concepts.

Question 11

The field of psychology concerned with how we acquire and use language is called

A) cognitive psychology.
B) speech psychology.
C) psycholinguistics.
D) language psychology.
E) None of the above

Question 12

__________ occurs when something abstract is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete object

A) Semantic slanting
B) Equivocation
C) Reification
D) Jargon
E) None of the above

Question 13

_________ occurs when the meaning of a word is changed in the course of the same discussion.

A) Equivocation
B) Reification
C) Euphemism
D) Jargon
E) None of the above

Question 14

_________ is the substitution of a desirable term for a less desirable or offensive one.

A) Equivocation
B) Reification
C) Euphemism
D) Vagueness
E) None of the above

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true of framing?

A) It occurs when a question is asked in a way that suggests what the correct response should be
B) A listener is "led" into assuming a particular perspective
C) If options make a potential loss prominent, people will reject that alternative
D) It gives judgments a frame of references which affects options that are chosen
E) All of the above are true of framing

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT true of framing?

A) It occurs when a question is asked in a way that suggests what the correct response should be
B) A listener is presented with multiple possible solutions to a problem
C) If options make a potential loss prominent, people will reject that alternative
D) It gives judgments a frame of references which affects options that are chosen
E) All of the above are true of framing

Question 17

Most people are __________, which means that they prefer options that do not involve loss.

A) balancers
B) positive
C) naïve
D) risk averse

Question 18

Which of the following involves restating ideas in your own words?

A) paraphrasing
B) euphemism
C) reification
D) re-representation
E) None of the above

Question 19

Re-representation is the deliberate use of

A) jargon to confuse listeners.
B) paraphrasing to change ideas.
C) euphemism to make people feel more positively.
D) multiple ways to represent information to enhance comprehension.
E) None of the above

Question 20

__________ involves reviewing material after it is learned so that recall becomes automatic and less effortful

A) Overlearning
B) Paraphrasing
C) Re-representing
D) Generic questions
E) None of the above

Question 21

__________ involves having learners pose thoughtful questions to each other that they take turns answering

A) Reciprocal peer questioning
B) Paraphrasing
C) Re-representing
D) Generic questions
E) None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following uses question "stems" that can be modified and applied to many different topics?

A) Reciprocal peer questioning
B) Paraphrasing
C) Re-representing
D) Generic questions
E) None of the above

Question 23

Explain the role of inference in communication, including advertising.

Question 24

List and describe the rules for clear communication.

Question 25

Describe how analogies are used to persuade, including examples.

Question 26

Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity, including examples.

Question 27

Describe how the use of emotional language and name calling can affect the thinking of receivers of a communication.

Question 28

"Bake the cake in a hot oven." The main problem with this communication is

A) semantic slanting.
B) it is vague.
C) it is ambiguous.
D) it equivocates.
E) None of the above

Question 29

Semantic slanting involves

A) putting words in other people's mouths.
B) redefining keywords in a communication.
C) arguing against an underlying representation.
D) the deliberate use of words designed to create a particular attitude or foster certain beliefs.
E) All of the above are used in semantic slanting

Question 30

The meaning component of language is called

A) surface structure.
B) underlying representation.
C) thought.
D) language representation.
E) None of the above

Question 31

Which is private, in the mind of the sender?

A) surface structure
B) underlying representation
C) speech
D) written language
E) None of the above

Question 32

The sounds of the verbal expression that you use or its written form on a writing surface is called

A) surface structure.
B) underlying representation.
C) thought.
D) language representation.
E) None of the above

Question 33

Problems in producing language occur in trying to translate __________ into language.

A) surface structure
B) underlying representation
C) thought
D) language representation
E) None of the above

Question 34

A communication is "successful" when

A) the underlying representation constructed by the receiver matches the underlying representation of the sender.
B) the surface structure of the receiver is the same as that of the sender.
C) the thoughts of the receiver are changed.
D) underlying representation is modified by the receiver.
E) None of the above

Question 35

When language is __________, surface structure can have more than one meaning or underlying representation.

A) vague
B) polymorphous
C) ambiguous
D) reified
E) None of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a rule for clear communication presented in the chapter?

A) Use a simple straightforward style
B) Tell the truth
C) Use a simple straightforward style
D) Tell listeners what they already know
E) All of the above are rules for clear communication presented in the chapter

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a rule for clear communication presented in the chapter?

A) Use complex, technical language
B) Tell the truth
C) Use a simple straightforward style
D) Don't tell listeners what they already know
E) All of the above are rules for clear communication presented in the chapter

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of analogies?

A) They are not commonly used in thinking
B) Their meaning is often not widely shared
C) Good analogies are similar in only surface characteristics
D) Words in analogies correspond directly to intended meaning
E) None of the above

Question 39

Which of the following statements is NOT true of analogies?

A) They are commonly used in thinking
B) Their meaning is often widely shared
C) Poor analogies are similar in only surface characteristics
D) Good analogies have similar underlying representations
E) All of the above are true of analogies

Question 40

All analogies and __________ state that two concepts are alike in some way.

A) surface structures
B) language commonalities
C) metaphors
D) underlying representations

Question 41

Categorization is a type of __________.

A) surface structure
B) analogy
C) cognitive economy
D) underlying representation
E) None of the above

Question 42

The best or most typical examples of categories are called

A) surface structures.
B) analogies.
C) prototypes.
D) jargon types.
E) None of the above

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of prototypical thinking?

A) It involves using the most typical member in a category as a guide to making inferences about other members of that category.
B) It is very high-effort thinking.
C) Few people use prototypical thinking.
D) Prototypes are not influenced by culture.
E) None of the above

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of prototypical thinking?

A) Reliance on prototypes limits thinking.
B) It is low-effort thinking.
C) It does not involve critical thinking.
D) Prototypes are influenced by culture.
E) All of the above

Question 45

The hypothesis that the language we use affects how we think is called

A) the language hypothesis.
B) semantic slanting.
C) the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity
D) the Halpern Hypothesis of Language Thought.
E) None of the above

Question 46

Explain how the results of public opinion polls depend on how the questions are asked.