Deck 14: Contemporary Juvenile Justice

Question 1

Which of the following are defining characteristics of a juvenile custodial institution?

A) Diversionary, non-secure, short-term, evaluative
B) Non-adjudicatory, semi-secure, moderate length of stay, therapeutic
C) Dispositional commitment, closed and secure, long-term
D) None of the above.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In most jurisdictions, the intake decision is made by a:

A) police officer.
B) judge.
C) probation officer.
D) defense attorney.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term ""intake"" refers to the:

A) arrest of a juvenile which brings the youth into the juvenile justice system.
B) indictment of a juvenile by a grand jury which initiates adult court action.
C) screening of cases referred to the juvenile court.
D) conviction of a juvenile that results in entry into the juvenile correctional system.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is the most common source of referrals to the juvenile court?

A) Parents
B) Schools
C) Neighbors
D) Police

Question 5

What is the significance of the case California v. Prysock (1981)?

A) It clarifies children's rights when they are being questioned by police.
B) It deals with search and seizure guidelines pertaining to juveniles.
C) It deals with juveniles' right to trial by jury.
D) It advocates rehabilitation of juvenile offenders.

Question 6

What is the appropriate legal test for the admissibility of statements that juveniles make during custodial interrogation?

A) Fundamental fairness
B) Inevitable discovery
C) Totality of circumstances
D) In loco parentis

Question 7

In which case involving a juvenile suspect did the Supreme Court hold that deadly force could not be used against unarmed fleeing felons?

A) In re Gault (1967)
B) State v. Lowry (1967)
C) California v. Prysock (1981)
D) Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Question 8

What was the result of New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)?

A) School officials can search students based on reasonable suspicion.
B) School officials can search students only after obtaining a search warrant.
C) School officials cannot search students unless a police officer was present.
D) Police officers can search students on school grounds based upon reasonable suspicion.

Question 9

A police officer's law enforcement decisions depend in part on:

A) the seriousness of the offense.
B) standards and policies of the police department.
C) availability of community alternatives to formal court processing.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Police officers' contact with juveniles can result in which of the following:

A) "taking into custody" juveniles suspected of offenses.
B) warning and then releasing youth at the scene.
C) referring juveniles suspected of law violations to community services.
D) All of the above.

Question 11

What concept describes the police officer's ability to choose among a variety of actions?

A) Ambivalence
B) Differentiation
C) Discretion
D) Discrimination

Question 12

In recent years, what has been the most common way of handling juveniles taken into custody by the police?

A) Warn and release
B) Referral to the juvenile court
C) Referral to social welfare
D) Referral to adult court

Question 13

What police role is associated with contemporary initiates for holding juveniles accountable for their actions?

A) Protective role
B) Crime-fighting role
C) Collaborative role
D) Law-enforcer role

Question 14

What is the most common informal disposition used in non-petitioned delinquency cases?

A) Placement in a residential treatment facility
B) Probation
C) Monetary fine
D) Attitude adjustment

Question 15

What type of status offense is petitioned into juvenile courts most often?

A) Running away
B) Truancy
C) Ungovernability
D) Liquor law violations

Question 16

Informal probation for juveniles usually involves:

A) suspended execution of sentence.
B) retribution.
C) a consent adjustment without petition.
D) a guardian ad litem.

Question 17

What term is used to describe attempts to deal with juvenile delinquency by referring cases out of the juvenile court and into community resources?

A) Diversion
B) Decarceration
C) Emancipation
D) Purchase of care

Question 18

Community-based correctional programs are based on the fundamental idea that:

A) punishment deters crime and delinquency.
B) crime and delinquency must be dealt with in the context in which they occur: the community.
C) juveniles must be removed from the corrupting influences of ineffective parents.
D) institutions offer juveniles protection from idleness, indulgence, and luxuries.

Question 19

The growth of community-based corrections in the 1960s and early 1970s was due, in part, to:

A) dissatisfaction with juvenile institutions.
B) growing disillusionment over rehabilitation.
C) community desire to deal with social problems in their own local area.
D) All of the above.

Question 20

The innovation in probation supervision that involves a reduced caseload, frequent contacts and checks, community service, and frequent urinalysis is referred to as:

A) manifest supervision.
B) case classification.
C) intensive supervision probation.
D) progressive treatment.

Question 21

The probation supervision style that reflects the more punitive posture of the juvenile justice system in recent decades is referred to as:

A) therapeutic caseworker.
B) service broker.
C) law enforcer.
D) None of the above.

Question 22

The probation supervision style that tries to refer youth to needed community services is called:

A) therapeutic caseworker.
B) service broker.
C) rule enforcer.
D) None of the above.

Question 23

What is the legal standard for probation conditions, established by statutory law and appellate court decisions?

A) Least restrictive option
B) Reasonable and relevant
C) Significantly restrictive
D) Balanced and restorative

Question 24

The set of requirements that all probationers in a given jurisdiction must observe is known as:

A) common conditions.
B) uniform conditions.
C) general conditions.
D) obligatory conditions.

Question 25

The rules that are a part of probation, such as attending school or work, maintaining a curfew, and obeying all laws, are referred to as:

A) alternatives to incarceration.
B) community contract obligations.
C) reality therapy.
D) conditions of probation.

Question 26

What is the agreement that results in disposition of juveniles who are petitioned, but NOT adjudicated?

A) Probable cause agreement
B) Consent decree with petition
C) Writ of habeas corpus
D) Arraignment agreement

Question 27

The first step of formal juvenile court adjudication, in which the youth either admits or denies the allegations of the petition, is referred to as:

A) plea bargaining.
B) informal consent decree.
C) arraignment.
D) fact finding.

Question 28

Which statement is true concerning what we know about race and detention rates?

A) Compared to whites, African Americans and other minority youth are detained at lower rates.
B) Compared to whites, African Americans and other minority youth are detained at higher rates.
C) There is no difference in the percentage of delinquency cases detained among different racial and ethnic groups.
D) We do not have information on detention rates for different racial or ethnic groups.

Question 29

What police practice is most emphasized in the contemporary initiatives for punishment and accountability in juvenile justice?

A) Arrest
B) Foot patrol
C) Forensic patrol
D) Parens patriae policing

Question 30

Community-oriented policing involves:

A) reconsideration of the crime-fighting role, with greater emphasis on service and order maintenance.
B) expansion of the crime-fighting role through the use of forensic sciences.
C) emphasis on the command and control structure of bureaucratic organization.
D) expanding the role of federal law enforcement in local neighborhoods.

Question 31

The contemporary revolution in policing known as community-oriented policing emphasizes:

A) that police are experts in solving crime.
B) due process requirements in law enforcement.
C) community-based crime prevention.
D) the privatization of policing in local neighborhoods.

Question 32

In the decision to detain a youth, the judge must establish probable cause that the youth is a delinquent youth or a status offender.

Question 33

The initial authorization for detention is usually provided by a probation officer.

Question 34

A youth must be "adjudicated delinquent" before becoming involved in some correctional program.

Question 35

The exclusionary rule is the legal principle that requires illegally obtained evidence to be excluded from a court of law.

Question 36

Race, gender, and class of the juvenile, the youth's prior record and demeanor, the seriousness of the offense, and the attitude of the complainant all influence police discretion.

Question 37

Research indicates that race, gender, and social class of the juvenile have little influence on law enforcement decisions by police.

Question 38

Most of a police department's contact with juveniles is by patrol officers.

Question 39

Adolescents hold more positive attitudes toward the police than other age groups.

Question 40

Police commonly view juvenile delinquency as minor crime, and "taking a youth into custody" is often considered not a "real arrest."

Question 41

Police deal with juveniles only for serious, violent crime; other offenses like status and property offenses are left to the juvenile court to respond to.

Question 42

As youth proceed through the system, disparate treatment at early stages produces disparity at later stages.

Question 43

In most jurisdictions, disproportionate minority representation occurs only with regard to secure detention and confinement.

Question 44

Non-legal factors are considered extensively in juvenile court disposition.

Question 45

Disposition of cases in juvenile court often involves more than a single disposition.

Question 46

Probation is the most commonly used disposition and correctional intervention with juvenile offenders.

Question 47

What organizational structure is usually connected with ""professional policing""?

A) Hierarchical, involving a chain of command
B) Non-hierarchical, involving few distinctions by rank
C) Reallocative management
D) Participatory management

Question 48

The emergence of ""professional policing"" in the late 1920s is most closely associated with which police role?

A) Protective role
B) Crime-fighting role
C) Collaborative role
D) Law-enforcer role

Question 49

The original protective police role with juveniles resulted in:

A) police pursuing the most restrictive option.
B) initiatives by the police directed at accountability.
C) community-oriented policing.
D) broad discretion.

Question 50

Historically, the police role with juveniles has been viewed as an extension of the original juvenile court. What police role corresponds to this parens patriae policing?

A) Protective role
B) Crime-fighting role
C) Collaborative role
D) Law-enforcer role

Question 51

Police departments develop juvenile units because:

A) police unions will not allow patrol officers to deal with juveniles.
B) procedural law requires that juveniles be dealt with only by juvenile units.
C) juvenile cases are often complex and require special juvenile justice processing.
D) None of the above.

Question 52

___________________ refers to when minorities are represented at a greater rate than they are represented in the population during certain critical decision points of the juvenile justice process.

A) Logical consequences
B) Reciprocal formulation
C) Least squares regression
D) Disproportionate minority contact

Question 53

What concept describes authority under law to act according to a juvenile justice official's own considered judgment and conscience?

A) Ambivalence
B) Differentiation
C) Discretion
D) Discrimination

Question 54

What term is used to describe attempts to deal with juvenile delinquency by referring cases out of the juvenile court and into community resources?

A) Diversion
B) Decarceration
C) Emancipation
D) Purchase of care

Question 55

The various components of juvenile justice systems are spread widely among different levels and branches of government. In this way, juvenile justice systems are _______________ and ________________.

A) organic and externalized
B) decentralized and fragmented
C) segmented and dysfunctional
D) partitioned and compartmentalized

Question 56

Contemporary custodial institutions such as state training schools tend to emphasize custody over rehabilitation.

Question 57

Incapacitation is the primary philosophical basis and goal of community-based corrections.

Question 58

Juvenile justice reform, beginning in the mid-1960s, introduced multiple goals into juvenile corrections, especially public safety and offender accountability, while maintaining an emphasis on rehabilitation.

Question 59

National and state studies have consistently found minority youth to be over-represented across the points of contact in the juvenile justice process.