Deck 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look

Question 1

Plato is the founder of logic.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Logic is defined in the text as the study of the standards of correct or good reasoning.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the text, Aristotle is the founder of logic as an academic subject.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Aristotle's works on logic are known as the "organon."

Question 5

"Organon" means "the organ we use for thinking, i.e., the brain."

Question 6

Aristotle studied under Plato.

Question 7

According to the text, Aristotle may have gotten the seminal idea for the subject of logic while at Plato's Academy where he studied the many arguments for and against the various philosophies under consideration.

Question 8

According to the text, Socrates is the founder of logic.

Question 9

Plato's Academy was located in Athens, Greece.

Question 10

Aristotle founded his own school, known as the Lyceum.

Question 11

Aristotle wrote the first logic textbook in history.

Question 12

Logic is defined in the text as the study of the way we usually think.

Question 13

Organon means tool of thought.

Question 14

Logic aims at discovering the true principles of reasoning.

Question 15

The Academy was located in:

A) Atlantis
B) Sparta
C) Athens
D) America
E) Thebes.
F) None of the above

Question 16

The Lyceum was located in:

A) Macedonia
B) Sparta
C) Atlantis
D) Athens
E) None of the above

Question 17

Aristotle was born in the ____ century BC.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
E) fifth.
F) sixth

Question 18

As an academic subject, logic is the study of...

A) the way we normally think.
B) the way we reason.
C) the way we would reason if we were God.
D) the principles of correct reasoning.

Question 19

In your own words, define the academic subject known as logic. What is it about?

Question 20

What is reasoning? What do we do when we reason? Give examples and explain in your own words.

Question 21

Is all reasoning equal? Or is some reasoning better than other reasoning? Give examples and support your answer.

Question 22

Who was Aristotle? What did he do that makes him historically significant?

Question 23

Does Aristotle deserve his title, "founder of logic"? Support your answer.

Question 24

Deductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion must be true.

Question 25

Inductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion is probably true but not certain.

Question 26

Deductive arguments have an air of certainty, whereas inductive arguments do not.

Question 27

A deductive argument claims only that the conclusion is probably true.

Question 28

Hypothetical syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning.

Question 29

Disjunctive syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning.

Question 30

Mathematical arguments are a type of deductive argument.

Question 31

Categorical arguments are a common type of deductive argument.

Question 32

Every valid argument has all true premises and a true conclusions.

Question 33

All arguments with true conclusions are valid arguments.

Question 34

All sound arguments are valid arguments.

Question 35

An argument with a false conclusion cannot possibly be a valid argument.

Question 36

An argument with a false conclusion cannot possibly be a sound deductive argument.

Question 37

If an argument is valid, then it aims at proving its conclusion conclusively.

Question 38

If an argument is valid, then, although its premises may be false, at least its conclusion is always true.

Question 39

Some arguments are invalid but sound.

Question 40

Some arguments are sound yet invalid at the same time.

Question 41

The following is a valid deductive argument: If it snows, then we will go sledding, just like when we were kids. It is snowing. So certainly we will go sledding, just like when we were kids.

Question 42

The following is a valid deductive argument: All rock fish are orange and red. So if we catch a rock fish, then it will surely be red and orange.

Question 43

The following is a valid deductive argument: All rock fish are orange and red. This fish is orange and red. So this fish must be a rock fish.

Question 44

The following argument is invalid: All students are allergic to tuna. Jim is a student. Therefore, Jim must be allergic to tuna.

Question 45

The following is a valid argument: It is raining. Therefore, it is raining.

Question 46

The following is a valid argument: Jim is over sixty. Jan is not as old as Jim. So Jan must be less than sixty.

Question 47

The following is a valid argument: Jim is under sixty. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan must be older than sixty.

Question 48

The following is a valid argument: Jim is exactly sixty. Jan is the same age as Jim. So Jan is exactly sixty.

Question 49

The following is a valid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan is older than sixty.

Question 50

The following is a valid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is younger than Jim. So Jan must be younger than sixty.

Question 51

The following is an invalid argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is at least as old as Jim. So Jan is at least sixty.

Question 52

The following is an invalid argument: Jim is between fifty and sixty years old. Jan is older than Jim. So Jan is older than sixty.

Question 53

The following is an invalid argument: Jim is under sixty. Jan is younger than Jim. So Jan is younger than sixty.

Question 54

The following is a valid argument: Ann is a chemist. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Ann is good at math.

Question 55

The following is a valid argument: Amy is good at math. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Amy is a chemist.

Question 56

The following is a valid argument: Ann is good at math. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Ann is a good chemist.

Question 57

The following is a valid argument: Britney is a good musician. Christa is a good musician. Therefore, they will make a good musical duo.

Question 58

The following is a valid argument: The Bungles is a great band. Jan is a member of the band. Therefore, Jan must be a great musician.

Question 59

The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke is a bad man. Therefore, the argument he just gave on the floor of Congress must be a bad argument.

Question 60

The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke has bad friends. Therefore, the argument he just gave must be a bad argument.

Question 61

The following is a valid argument: Senator Clarke associates with known horologists. Therefore, the argument he just gave must be an invalid argument.

Question 62

The following is a valid argument: The average household in America owns 2.2 cars. The Smiths are an average family. Therefore, they own at least 2.2 cars.

Question 63

The following is a valid argument: No splogs are crogs. No crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.

Question 64

The following is a valid argument: No splogs are crogs. All crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.

Question 65

The following is a valid argument: All splogs are crogs. No crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.

Question 66

The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. All billionaires are Republicans. So all students are Republicans.

Question 67

The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. No billionaires are Republicans. So no students are Republicans.

Question 68

The following argument is valid: Some students are millionaires. Some millionaires are Republicans. So some students are Republicans.

Question 69

The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. All Republicans are billionaires. So all students are Republicans.

Question 70

On deductive arguments.
-If a deductive argument has all false premises, then it must be invalid.

Question 71

On deductive arguments.
-If a deductive argument has all true premises, then it must be valid.

Question 72

On deductive arguments.
-If a deductive argument is valid, it must also be sound.

Question 73

On deductive arguments.
-If a deductive argument is invalid, then it must also be unsound.

Question 74

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is valid, then it must have at least one true premise.

Question 75

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is valid, then it must have all true premises.

Question 76

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is sound, then it must also be valid.

Question 77

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is sound, then it must have a true conclusion.

Question 78

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is invalid, then it must have at least one false premise.

Question 79

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is invalid, then its conclusion cannot be true.

Question 80

On deductive arguments.
-If an argument is valid, then its conclusion is likely but not certainly true.