Deck 7: Motivation: Need Theories

Question 1

Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the motivation theories?

A) The theories assume behavior is not random.
B) Behavior has a starting point, direction, and stopping point.
C) The theories explain involuntary behavior.
D) All answers are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is not correct about the various motivation theories?

A) Knowing the different theories helps you understand some aspects of your behavior and the behavior of others.
B) These theories also suggest ways in which managers can affect and direct behavior.
C) Understanding these theories helps a manager build and manage a system of motivation.
D) The motivation theories do not give a conceptual basis for analyzing and diagnosing motivation problems in organizations.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements is not correct about the following motivation theories?

A) Equity theory explains comparisons people make with others and why people might or might not feel fairly treated.
B) McClelland's achievement motivation theory describes the role of a single need in shaping and directing behavior.
C) Expectancy theory describes how people can choose among several courses of action.
D) Goal-setting theory explains how goals affect people's behavior and performance.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following assumptions is false about Murray's theory of personality?

A) People can readily adapt to a changing environment.
B) Behavior is both purposeful and goal directed.
C) Internal factors (needs) affect behavior.
D) External environmental factors do not affect behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a need in Murray's theory of personality?

A) Need for exhibition.
B) Need for power.
C) Need for dominance.
D) Need for autonomy.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a need in Murray's theory of personality?

A) Need for responsibility.
B) Need for achievement.
C) Need for affiliation.
D) Need for autonomy.

Question 7

A. person who values forming close friendships with coworkers is likely high in which of the following of Murray's needs?

A) Need for nurturance.
B) Need for autonomy.
C) Need for affiliation.
D) Need for exhibition.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about Murray's theory of personality?

A) Needs do not "point" behavior and coordinate it.
B) Behavior cannot be directed at needs that are opposites.
C) Usually a single need decides a person's behavior.
D) People's needs can produce internal conflicts.

Question 9

According to Murray's theory of personality, an employee who strives for positions where he or she can affect or control others and organize behavior of a group is high in the

A) Need for dominance.
B) Need for order.
C) Need for recognition.
D) Need for autonomy.

Question 10

According to Murray's theory of personality, an employee who likes working for a supervisor with a participative style, allowing the employee wide latitude in doing the work, is likely high in the

A) Need for achievement.
B) Need for affiliation.
C) Need for autonomy.
D) Need for order.

Question 11

According to Murray's theory of personality, an employee who wants a promotion to an executive position is least likely to have which of the following needs?

A) Need for achievement.
B) Need for deference.
C) Need for recognition.
D) Need for dominance.

Question 12

An employee is offered a promotion to a supervisory position but declines because she does not want to leave her group of coworkers. According to Murray's theory of personality, this employee is likely high in the

A) Need for affiliation.
B) Need for dominance.
C) Need for nurturance.
D) Need for order.

Question 13

Which of the following is false about Murray's theory of personality?

A) Needs are latent internal characteristics.
B) Needs can conflict with each other.
C) An activated need does not produce avoidance behavior.
D) Multiple needs often determine a person's behavior.

Question 14

Which of the following is false about the implications of Murray's theory of personality?

A) Managers in organizations often control the objects toward which behavior is directed.
B) Needs can direct behavior toward some objects and away from others.
C) A person with a strong need for recognition likely will not respond favorably to praise from a supervisor.
D) Understanding how need structures affect individuals' reactions helps managers effectively influence the behavior of people in their organizations.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Continuous frustration of needs can produce psychopathology.
B) A satisfied need no longer motivates behavior.
C) Needs are not the only basis of human behavior.
D) A need must be completely satisfied before the next higher-level need is important.

Question 16

According to Maslow, most people who have jobs likely have almost completely satisfied which of the following needs?

A) Physiological.
B) Belongingness and love.
C) Esteem.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 17

The following statement from U.S. Army recruiting advertisements, "Be all you can be," applies to which of Maslow's needs?

A) Safety.
B) Belongingness and love.
C) Esteem.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 18

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, an employee who takes every training course offered and strives for continuous professional development is trying to satisfy which of the following needs?

A) Safety.
B) Belongingness and love.
C) Self-actualization.
D) Physiological.

Question 19

Murray's need for affiliation is conceptually closest to which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Safety.
B) Belongingness and love.
C) Esteem.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Behavior can focus on satisfying more than one need at a time.
B) A satisfied need can still motivate behavior.
C) All people progress through the hierarchy in the same order without exception.
D) The environment has no effect on behavior.

Question 21

An organization that promises lifetime job security to its employees is likely satisfying which of the following needs?

A) Esteem.
B) Safety.
C) Belongingness and love.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 22

The concept of the minimum wage allows people to satisfy which of the following needs?

A) Esteem.
B) Safety.
C) Self-actualization.
D) Physiological.

Question 23

Existence needs in E. R.G. theory are closely related to which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Physiological.
B) Esteem.
C) Belongingness and love.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 24

Relatedness needs in E. R.G. theory are closely related to which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Physiological.
B) Esteem.
C) Belongingness and love.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 25

Growth needs in E. R.G. theory are closely related to which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Physiological.
B) Safety.
C) Belongingness and love.
D) Self-actualization.

Question 26

Which of the following is the same in both E. R.G. theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Frustration-regression principle.
B) Satisfaction-progression principle.
C) Enrichment cycle.
D) Deficiency cycle.

Question 27

According to E. R.G. theory, a person may become locked into a deficiency cycle if which of the following needs is not satisfied?

A) Relatedness.
B) Growth.
C) Safety.
D) Existence.

Question 28

According to E. R.G. theory, a person may enter an enrichment cycle if he or she satisfies which of the following needs?

A) Relatedness.
B) Growth.
C) Self-actualization.
D) Existence.

Question 29

A woman who has been repeatedly denied promotions has since devoted much effort toward fostering friendships with coworkers. In E. R.G. theory, this is an example of the

A) Frustration-regression principle.
B) Satisfaction-progression principle.
C) Deficiency cycle.
D) Enrichment cycle.

Question 30

An employee is promoted in an organization, and shortly wants another promotion, eventually to work up to the executive level. In E. R.G. theory, this is an example of the

A) Frustration-regression principle.
B) Satisfaction-progression principle.
C) Deficiency cycle.
D) Enrichment cycle.

Question 31

In E. R.G. theory, the desires to be creative and to develop are

A) Esteem needs.
B) Self-actualization needs.
C) Relatedness needs.
D) Growth needs.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true for employees experiencing satisfaction-progression?

A) The employees are not making enough money to feed their families.
B) They seek more and bigger raises after receiving one raise.
C) They made many friends at work and now seek professional challenges.
D) They have been denied desired transfers.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true for an employee who is experiencing the enrichment cycle in E. R.G. theory?

A) After being awarded a coveted promotion at work, the employee decides to run a marathon race.
B) The person feels comfortable with social relationships at work and now wants to improve her professional skills.
C) To make more money, the employee works many overtime hours.
D) The employee was denied a promotion and now focuses on coordinating coworkers in a company softball team.

Question 34

The only male in an all-female nursing staff has not made many friends at work. Therefore he devotes his energy toward making more money so he can take vacations. This is an example of

A) Satisfaction-progression.
B) Deficiency cycle.
C) Frustration-regression.
D) Enrichment cycle.

Question 35

Which of the following needs was not extensively investigated by McClelland and his colleagues?

A) Need for power.
B) Need for aggression.
C) Need for affiliation.
D) Need for achievement.

Question 36

According to McClelland's achievement motivation theory, people high in need for achievement prefer which type of goals?

A) Hard goals.
B) Easy goals.
C) Moderate goals.
D) All types of goals.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is false about people who have a strong achievement need?

A) They are willing to take calculated risks.
B) They prefer to perform routine tasks.
C) They are willing to accept performance feedback.
D) They prefer goals of moderate difficulty.

Question 38

A supervisor who has a subordinate high in need for achievement should do all of the following except

A) Give performance feedback.
B) Assign nonroutine tasks.
C) Set performance goals.
D) Let the person take risks.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true about McClelland's need for power?

A) There are two forms of power expression.
B) People high in this need actively search for ways to influence others.
C) Many means of influencing others are available.
D) Each answer is true about McClelland's need for power.

Question 40

A supervisor who does not want to give negative feedback to an employee because he or she does not wish to harm the relationship with that employee is likely high in which of McClelland's needs?

A) Power.
B) Achievement.
C) Affiliation.
D) Nurturance.

Question 41

McClelland's research found that managers and executives were higher in which of the following needs than those in other occupations?

A) Power.
B) Achievement.
C) Affiliation.
D) Dominance.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Employees high in need for achievement value money as a means to an end.
B) High need for power employees are task centered and future oriented.
C) Employees low in need for achievement value money as an end in itself.
D) High need for achievement employees want to feel responsible for their performance in challenging jobs.

Question 43

Managers who are best at bringing about significant organizational change are likely high in need for

A) Affiliation.
B) Achievement.
C) Power.
D) No answers are correct.

Question 44

McClelland's research found which of the following patterns of needs to be typical of totalitarian-oriented countries?

A) High need for power, low need for achievement.
B) High need for affiliation, high need for achievement.
C) High need for achievement, low need for power.
D) High need for power, low need for affiliation.

Question 45

Managers who are effective at maintaining a successful organization are likely high in

A) Need for power.
B) Need for affiliation.
C) Need for recognition.
D) Need for achievement.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a motivator according to motivator-hygiene theory?

A) Company policy.
B) The job itself.
C) Responsibility.
D) Achievement.

Question 47

Which of the following is not a hygiene factor according to motivator-hygiene theory?

A) Company policy.
B) Working conditions.
C) Salary.
D) Work itself.

Question 48

Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to motivator-hygiene theory?

A) Work itself.
B) Interpersonal relations.
C) Advancement.
D) Recognition.

Question 49

If managers improved the hygiene factors in an organization, employees would feel

A) Higher satisfaction.
B) Higher dissatisfaction.
C) Lower satisfaction.
D) No dissatisfaction.

Question 50

If managers raised levels of motivators in organizations, employees would experience

A) Higher satisfaction.
B) Lower dissatisfaction.
C) No satisfaction.
D) No dissatisfaction.

Question 51

According to motivator-hygiene theory, if salary and working conditions were reduced, employees would experience

A) No dissatisfaction.
B) Dissatisfaction.
C) No satisfaction.
D) Neutral feelings.

Question 52

According to motivator-hygiene theory, an employee who receives less recognition and responsibility on the job will likely experience

A) Dissatisfaction.
B) No dissatisfaction.
C) No satisfaction.
D) Satisfaction.

Question 53

According to motivator-hygiene theory, if a manager wants to motivate employees on the job, he or she should give

A) An increased salary.
B) More recognition.
C) Improved supervision.
D) All the items listed in the answers.

Question 54

The greatest needs for Latin American workers are

A) Achievement needs.
B) Power needs.
C) Recognition needs.
D) Affiliation needs.

Question 55

In the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, which of the following needs is at the top of the need hierarchy?

A) Belongingness and love.
B) Esteem.
C) Self-actualization.
D) Safety.

Question 56

The study of motivation implies managers may try to affect employees' behavior without their consent. The ethics theory that says this is acceptable because it meets management interests is

A) Justice.
B) Utilitarianism.
C) Rights.
D) Egoism.

Question 57

A general question about motivation centers on the ethics of directly affecting the behavior of employees without their informed consent. Which of the following statements is true?

A) Utilitarian analysis asks about the net benefits of a manager's efforts to motivate employees.
B) A rights and justice analysis questions employee rights to know in advance of any motivational efforts.
C) Ethical egoism says it is right for the manager to affect employee motivation because it meets the manager's interests in the performance of his or her work unit and career.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 58

Motivation theories deal only with voluntary behavior that has a specific purpose.

Question 59

An assumption shared by the motivation theories says that behavior is random and has no purpose or direction.

Question 60

An assumption of the motivation theories is that behavior has a starting and stopping point.

Question 61

Need theories use personal characteristics to explain motivation.

Question 62

Need theories try to explain psychological disorders.

Question 63

Expectancy theory describes a decision process people can use to choose among different courses of action.

Question 64

Equity theory explains comparisons people make with others and why people might or might not feel fairly treated.

Question 65

There are two classes of needs in Murray's theory of human personality: physical and psychological.

Question 66

Physical needs are concerned with the satisfaction of the human body, such as the needs for food, air, and water.

Question 67

Psychological needs focus on emotional and mental satisfaction.

Question 68

In Murray's theory of human personality, needs are manifest internal characteristics activated by stimuli or objects a person experiences.

Question 69

In Murray's theory of human personality, needs that are opposite can motivate behavior.

Question 70

According to Murray's theory of personality, a person who wants to do hard tasks is high in the need for recognition.

Question 71

In Murray's theory of human personality, needs can direct behavior away from some objects and toward others.

Question 72

Maslow thought that the five needs in his hierarchy could explain the behavior of people across many cultures.

Question 73

By prepotency, Maslow meant that the needs at the bottom of the hierarchy dominate human behavior if all needs are unsatisfied.

Question 74

Maslow felt most people seek satisfaction of the needs in roughly the order shown by the hierarchy, although the hierarchy is not rigid.

Question 75

There is much research evidence to support Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 76

According to Maslow, a person's belongingness and love and esteem needs are usually completely satisfied.

Question 77

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, behavior must focus on satisfying only one need at a time.

Question 78

According to Maslow, a person's needs and the person's environment determine behavior.

Question 79

The frustration-regression principle of E. R.G. theory says that once a need is satisfied the person then tries to satisfy the next need lower in the hierarchy.

Question 80

According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory and E. R.G. theory, a satisfied need is no longer a motivator.