Deck 10: Motivational Basis of Leading

Question 1

All of the following are critical elements of individual motivation except:

A) Forces within the individual
B) Responsiveness to behaviors
C) Intensity of behaviors
D) Direction of behaviors
E) Persistence of behaviors

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Maslow, very few individuals ever reach which particular level of his hierarchy?

A) Physiological needs
B) Belongingness needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Safety needs
E) None of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A company's health-care package is intended to meet which of the following needs?

A) Physiological needs
B) Belongingness needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Safety needs
E) None of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Davina was recently promoted from Compliance Officer of a university to the Associate Athletic Director in charge of women's athletics; this is an example of which of the following types of needs?

A) Physiological needs
B) Belongingness needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Safety needs
E) None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following theories states, "the factors involved in producing job satisfaction are separate and distinct from factors that lead to job dissatisfaction"?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Two-factor theory
C) Need hierarchy theory
D) Theory of inequity
E) Justice and fairness theory

Question 6

The most important product of Herzberg's work was the finding that the motivators were all related to the content of the work itself. All of the following are content factors except:

A) Achievement
B) Responsibility
C) Recognition for achievement
D) Interpersonal relationships
E) Growth and advancement

Question 7

The most important product of Herzberg's work was the finding that the motivators were all related to the content of the work itself, while the hygiene factors were all related to the context. All of the following are context factors except:

A) The work itself
B) Adequate salary and wages
C) Meaningful company policies
D) Quality supervision
E) Good working conditions

Question 8

The extent to which Raul would certainly enjoy and appreciate getting a good grade in this course would be termed which of the following?

A) First level outcome
B) Expectancy
C) Valence
D) Force to perform
E) None of the above

Question 9

Josh believes (1) if he tries hard he will get a good internship, and (2) getting a good internship will, in turn, land him a sport management job. In Vroom's theory, the first belief would be termed which of the following?

A) First-level outcome
B) Expectancy
C) Valence
D) Force to perform
E) None of the above

Question 10

Josh believes that (1) if he tries hard he will get a good internship, and (2) getting a good internship will, in turn, land him a sport management job. In Vroom's theory, the second belief would be termed which of the following?

A) Second-level outcome
B) Expectancy
C) Valence
D) Force to perform
E) None of the above

Question 11

Marlon believes that his hard work will warrant a promotion in the organization. His supervisor does not grant him a promotion, however, based on the company's system of checks and balances. This would be termed which of the following?

A) Instrumentality
B) Expectancy
C) Valence
D) Force to perform
E) Outcomes

Question 12

In contrast to expectancy, what reflects the individual's perception that there is a good relationship between first- and second-level outcomes.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Force to perform
D) Performance
E) None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following refers to the manner in which the distribution of outcomes is explained to recipients and to the procedures employed in such distribution.

A) Distributive justice
B) Procedural justice
C) Interactional justice
D) Performance-related justice
E) None of the above

Question 14

According to Leventhal (1980), sport managers should strive to formulate procedures that adhere to all of the following rules except:

A) Bias suppression
B) Performance
C) Consistency
D) Ethicality
E) Correctibility

Question 15

Asuka notices that the exams in her class are very easy and her scores are almost identical to Jimmy's. However, Jimmy does not study at all. Asuka therefore decides that it is not necessary to study very much at all for the next exam. According to equity theory, Asuka is

A) Changing her inputs
B) Changing her outcomes
C) Changing her perception of her inputs
D) Distorting her perceptions of Jimmy's inputs
E) None of the above

Question 16

In Herzberg's work on the two-factor theory, respondents were asked to recall times in which they felt satisfied or dissatisfied. This approach is known as:

A) Critical incident method
B) Effort-performance relationship
C) Bias suppression
D) Reward-satisfaction relationship
E) Valence

Question 17

All of the following are components of the Porter and Lawler model of motivation except:

A) Reward-motivation relationship
B) Effort-performance relationship
C) Performance-reward relationship
D) Reward-satisfaction relationship
E) None of the above

Question 18

Motivation could be described as an energetic force that directs individuals to behave in a certain manner.

Question 19

According to Maslow's needs hierarchy, esteem needs relate to a person's desire to be recognized by others.

Question 20

Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow's need hierarchy and represents the desires of people for interpersonal relationships.

Question 21

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, motivators related to context are all related to the work itself.

Question 22

The process of job enrichment is the practical application of Herzberg's theory.

Question 23

An individual's understanding of first-level results as they relate to second-level results is called instrumentality.

Question 24

An individual's preference for particular outcomes is referred to as valence.

Question 25

One of the significant contributions of the Porter and Lawler model is to highlight the complexity of abilities and traits.

Question 26

The theory of fairness is based on an individual's perception of the balance between personal outcomes relative to the outcomes of others.

Question 27

According to the rule of correctibility, it should be possible for allocation decisions to be modified.

Question 28

The notion of matching individual needs to the job is more pertinent to volunteers in organizations.

Question 29

Role perception implies that each employee must have an understanding of how certain activities should be carried out.

Question 30

Extrinsic rewards include such things as respect, fairness, and cooperation.

Question 31

Expectancy theory assumes that behavior is controlled by one's cognitive processes.

Question 32

Equity theory suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce the tension they feel when they perceive inequity.

Question 33

Motivation may be directionless.

Question 34

Theories of motivation are generally grouped into two broad classes: (a) _________________ and (b) _________________ theories.

Question 35

(a) _______________, (b) _______________ and (c) ________________ are three of the five critical elements of motivation.

Question 36

In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, the most fundamental, or prepotent, needs are the _______________ needs.

Question 37

In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, the highest order of needs are the _______________ needs.

Question 38

In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, _______________ needs relate to the more fundamental and biological requirements of a human being.

Question 39

_______________ needs represent the desires of people for friendship and warm interpersonal interaction with others.

Question 40

_______________ needs are considered to be higher order needs, whereas ______________________ lies at the highest level of the needs hierarchy.

Question 41

A fundamental postulate of Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is that only higher-order needs affect _______________.

Question 42

A fundamental postulate of Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is that lower-order needs affect only _______________.

Question 43

In Herzberg's two-factor theory, the factors associated with incidents of dissatisfaction are labeled _______________.

Question 44

The most important product of Herzberg's work was the finding that the (a) _______________ were all related to the (b) ______________ of the work itself, while the (c) _______________ factors were all related to the (d) _______________ in which the work was carried out.

Question 45

The process of ____________________ is the practical application of Herzberg's theory.

Question 46

The process of redesigning jobs so that employees experience higher-order needs is known as ____________________.

Question 47

Herzberg and his associates asked their respondents to recall incidents in which they felt satisfied or dissatisfied. This method is known as the ____________________ method.

Question 48

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, individuals evaluate the various courses of action that are available to them and choose the one they expect will lead to the outcomes they prefer; it incorporate four major variables: (a) _______________, (b) ________________, (c) _______________, and (d) _________________.

Question 49

____________ refer to the consequences of a given act.

Question 50

__________ is anchored on a comparison to a referent other(s).

Question 51

If an employee believed that her efforts would result in superior performance, then the _______________ would approach a positive value.

Question 52

_______________ reflects the individual's perception that there is a good relationship between first-level and second-level outcomes.

Question 53

In Vroom's theory of motivation, an individual's preferences for particular outcomes is referred to as _______________.

Question 54

In the case of _______________ such as pay, the value attached by employees to these rewards is likely to be lowered as more and more of them are received.

Question 55

The_______________ theories of motivation deal with the individual's evaluation and choice of certain courses of action, as well as how other factors influence the outcomes of such courses of action.

Question 56

In Vroom's theory of motivation, _______________ is the probability estimate that effort will lead to the first-level outcome (or result)-the performance standards set out by the organization.

Question 57

In Vroom's theory of motivation, the individual's estimate of the relationship between the first-level outcomes (results) and the second-level outcomes (results) is called _______________.

Question 58

The interplay among the factors of Vroom's theory of motivation can be expressed as: Force = _______________* _______________ *_______________.

Question 59

In Adams' theory of inequity, a person judges equity or inequity by comparing personal effort (inputs) and the rewards of that effort, or ________________.

Question 60

The theory of ________________ is based on an individual's perception of the balance between personal outcomes and inputs relative to the outcomes and inputs of others.

Question 61

________________ is concerned with the allocation of available resources to individuals and/or groups.

Question 62

How various ends, or content consequences, are attained is referred to as ____________________.

Question 63

____________________ refers to the degree to which allocations of resources or rewards are made according to fair methods and guidelines.

Question 64

According to Leventhal, managers should adhere to (a) _______________, (b) _______________, and (c) ________________ in their attempts to ensure procedural justice.

Question 65

____________________ refers to the manner in which the distribution of outcomes are explained to recipients, and the procedures employed in such distribution.

Question 66

The model of motivation proposed by Porter and Lawler (1968) is an extension and elaboration of __________.

Question 67

One of the significant contributions of the Porter and Lawler model is to highlight the complexity of the __________relationship.

Question 68

Another factor that affects the effort-performance relationship is the accuracy of the individual's __________.